The invention belongs to the technical field of non-metal material surface treatment and particularly relates to a carbon fiber surface coating treatment method. The method includes the steps that firstly, fiber pretreatment is conducted, wherein surface adhesive removal is conducted on carbon fibers through the burning method, then a nitric acid solution or a sodium hydroxide solution is used for roughening the carbon fibers obtained after surface adhesive removal, and the roughened carbon fibers are placed in an acetic acid solution for activation; secondly, tetraethoxysilane, a cosolvent, water and a catalyst are mixed, the pH is adjusted, the materials are evenly stirred and stand still, and a sol solution is prepared; thirdly, the pretreated carbon fibers are soaked in the sol solution, heat preservation and vibration are conducted, and the carbon fibers with the surfaces coated with compact SiO2 coatings are obtained. The preparation method solves the problems that existing carbon fiber coating treatment methods are harsh in experiment condition, complex in operation and high in equipment requirement, and is simple in process route, low in production cost and free of pollution, and raw materials are easy to obtain.