8148 results about "Free cooling" patented technology

A multifunction sensor device which provides various transducer functions including means for performing temperature sensing, humidity sensing, ambient light sensing, motion detection, thermostat functions, switching functions, load switching and dimming functions, displaying actual and set temperature values, displaying time of day values and a means to put the device in an on, off or auto mode. The device has utility in environments such as that found in offices, schools, homes, industrial plants or any other type of automated facility in which sensors are utilized for energy monitoring and control, end user convenience or artificial or natural cooling, heating and HVAC control. The device can be used as a switch or dimmer, sensor or thermostat as well as to adjust and control all natural and artificial lighting, temperature and humidity devices. Key elements of the invention include overcoming the difficulty of mounting diverse sensors or transducers within the same device or housing; permitting these various sensors to exist in a single package that can be mounted to a wall in a substantially flush manner; and eliminating the requirement of an air flow channel in the device, thus minimizing any adverse effects on the motion detecting element or sensor as well as providing built in partial hysteresis. The device may include additional transducers or sensors and is constructed such that the temperature and humidity sensors are neither exposed to the flow of air in a room or area nor in an airflow channel whereby a chimney effect may occur. The device can transmit and receive real time data, relative data and actual discrete data in addition to switching and controlling loads locally or remotely. An embodiment utilizing airflow channels to direct air over the temperature and humidity sensors is also disclosed.

An improved solution for cooling a data center is provided. In an embodiment of the invention, a data center design that combines physical segregation of hot and cold air streams together with a data hall variable air volume system is provided. The invention is a data center design that resolves air management issues of re-circulation, bypass and load balance. Bypass is airflow supplied by the cooling units that directly returns without cooling servers. Recirculation airflow is server discharge warm air that returns directly without being cooled. Load balance is supplying the required server airflow. An embodiment includes physical segregation of cold and hot air streams and by providing variable air volume to match server load. Air segregation is done by enclosing the hot aisle end and above the cabinets. The air conditioning system provides variable air volume to the data hall (cold side) to meet server demands. The cooling plant consists of variable-air-volume air-cooling system, which cools air by air free cooling (economizer) and is supplemented with mechanical cooling in the warmer seasons.

The invention provides a nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur doping or co-doping carbon dot and a batch controllable preparing method and application thereof. The method comprises the steps that a carbon source, a nitrogen source, a phosphorus source and a sulphur source are evenly mixed, and a mixture is obtained, wherein the molar ratio of C to N to P to S in the mixture is 1 to 0-0.8 to 0-0.4 to 0-0.4, and the contents of N, P and S are prevented from being zero at the same time; in the air, the mixture is heated to be fused, the reaction is carried out for 3 min to 60 min, natural cooling is carried out till the indoor temperature is reached, a reaction product is separated by a silicagel column, raw materials which do not react are removed, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur doping or co-doping carbon dot is obtained. According to the method, the technology is simple, the compound time is short, batch producing can be achieved, the doping amount can be adjusted and controlled accurately, the fluorescence color of the prepared carbon dot ranges from blue to green, the application can be achieved on bioluminescence marking and cell imaging aspects, and the good economic benefit and the application prospect are achieved.

The invention discloses a pressure cooker and a control method thereof. The method comprises the steps of judging whether or not the time when the pressure cooker enters a depressurization stage is ata user sleep period; if yes, controlling the pressure cooker to enter the depressurization stage in advance by shortening the appointment waiting time when the pressure cooker waits to enter a heating stage and / or increasing a preset heating power of the heating stage, and controlling the pressure cooker to be depressurized in a natural cooling mode at the depressurization stage; in this way, thedepressurizing sound is effectively prevented from being too large and influencing the sleep of a user when the user is at a sleep period, it can also be ensured that a cover of the pressure cooker is opened quickly when the user is not at a sleep period, accordingly the cooking requirements of different people in different environments are met to the greatest degree, and the user experience is improved.

A radio-frequency electrode that is specially configured to provide a reasonably uniform electric field distribution at the skin surface of a patient being treated to improve the skin appearance. Harmful burning is avoided by employing one of the following four features: pre-applying to the skin a thermal gel, a known thermally and electrically-conductive material, using low radio-frequency power at 3.8-4 MHz, relying on the natural cooling provided by a highly conductive electrode material, and continuously moving the electrode while in contact with the skin. Preferably, all four features are combined in carrying out the cosmetic procedure of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the highly conductive electrode material is an alloy comprised mainly of silver with a small percentage of ingredients added to strengthen the silver alloy electrode and preserve its luster and the active surface of the electrode is configured as a section of a sphere, or as dome shaped.

The invention provides preparation and application of a nitrogen doped graphene fuel cell catalyst, wherein a preparation method of the nitrogen doped graphene fuel cell catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps: dispersing graphene oxide into a solvent, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment, thereby obtaining a graphene solution; dispersing at least one of non-noble metal salt as well as hydrate thereof and nitrogenous small organic molecules into the solvent, thereby obtaining a mixed solution; dropping the graphene oxide solution into the mixed solution, drying the solvent by distillation, thereby obtaining a nitrogen doped graphene precursor, warming to 600-1000 DEG C under the protection by inert gases, keeping the temperature for 1-4 hours, and cooling naturally, thereby obtaining the doped graphene catalyst. The nitrogen doped graphene preparation process provided by the invention is simple; required raw materials are low in cost, high in yield, can achieve industrial production easily, have very high oxygen reduction catalytic activity, can be applied to the fields of fuel cells, metal-air cells as well as microorganism fuel cells and the like.

An energy-reducing method and apparatus for retrofitting a constant volume HVAC system, with or without an economizer, that provides heating, cooling, and ventilation to occupants within a building space. The present invention includes the introduction of a programmable logic controller and variable frequency drive (VFD) that takes control of the existing fan, heating, cooling, and optional economizer operation. The controller is programmed for the reduction of fan speed in the heating and cooling modes. The reduction of the fan speed in the ventilation mode when the 100% operation is not needed saves significant energy of the existing constant volume HVAC system where the fan motor is designed to run 100% of the time. The fan speed may be further reduced upon a reduction in sensed occupancy levels of the space, such as with a CO2 sensor. Additionally, the fan speed may be reduced in the heating and / or cooling mode to further reduce energy consumption. The controller may also be programmed and equipped with sensors to allow simultaneous mechanical compressor cooling and economizer free cooling operation, for the operation of the economizer in response to the monitoring of outside air and return air to determine the preferred source for cooling operations, to keep the outside air damper closed during the unoccupied heating modes such as morning warm-up, and / or to provide fault detection. The retrofit method and apparatus may be employed in a stand-alone or networked version.

The invention discovers and proposes a characteristic that interior species of phenolic resin are nonuniform in distribution in a polymerization process, and discloses a method for preparing a hollow carbon sphere by utilizing the characteristic of phenolic resin. The method comprises: (1) putting phenol into water or a solvent, adjusting the pH, then adding aldehyde and stirring at a certain temperature for a period of time; (2) adding a corrosive agent in a reaction system, stirring at a certain temperature, and selectively removing a part with a relatively low polymerization degree inside a polymer by utilizing a solubility difference of interior species for different solvents, to obtain an intermediate product, that is, a hollow sphere of phenolic resin polymer; and (3) calcining the intermediate product that is obtained in step (2) in an inertia or reducing atmosphere, naturally cooling to room temperature, and thus completing preparation of the hollow carbon sphere. The method is simple and practicable, and the prepared hollow carbon sphere is uniform in shape and controllable in dimension. Moreover, by utilizing a characteristic that the phenolic resin can be in-situ polymerized on surfaces of different nanometer particles, on one hand, a multi-layer hollow structure can be prepared in a multi-cladding and layer-by-layer corrosion manner, and on the other hand, the different nanometer particles can also be packaged in a cavity in an in-situ mode, so as to prepare a nuclear shell or egg yolk-nuclear structure. The prepared hollow carbon sphere has a potential application value in aspects of silicon-carbon negative electrode material, Li-S battery, supercapacitor, heavy metal ion adsorption, and the like.

The invention provides a mineral wax composite shape-setting phase-change material and process for preparation, wherein the material comprises 70-80 wt% paraffin wax substance with 44-50 deg. C melting point, 4-15% of cross bond high-density polyethylene, 4-15 wt% of styrene / ethane-butylene / styrene copolymer (SEBS), and 4-6 wt% of expanded graphite.

The invention relates to a hydraulic cylinder surface shot blasting, paint spraying and drying system and a shot blasting, paint spraying and drying process thereof, and the hydraulic cylinder surface shot blasting, paint spraying and drying system consists of a hanging chain conveying system, a shot blasting working position, a paint spraying working position, a drying working position, an overhauling working position, an unloading working position, a loading working position, a paint mixing room, an air compressor and an operating room. The shot blasting, paint spraying and drying process comprises the following process steps: loading of a piece, shot blasting, derusting and cleaning (10-15min), automatic paint spraying (3-5min), paint refinishing, leveling (5min), drying at 60-80 DEG C (30min), natural cooling and unloading of the piece. The hydraulic cylinder surface shot blasting, paint spraying and drying system has the advantages of high degree of mechanical and electrical automation, small occupied area, good safety performance, and high production efficiency, is not affected by weather and can ensure the cleanliness, the temperature, the illumination and the safety and sanitation standard required by the paint spraying environment; and the shot blasting, paint spraying and drying process is simple, safe, time-saving, environment-friendly and high in working efficiency and can obtain the good appearance quality of a paint film.

The invention discloses a method for preparing graphene powder, which belongs to the field of graphene preparation and aims to solve the technical problems of low efficiency, low yield and environmental protection in the conventional graphene preparation methods. The method of the invention comprises the following steps of: 1, preparing graphite oxide; 2, stripping the graphite oxide; 3, performing purification, namely, performing centrifugation treatment and collecting upper-layer solution; and 4, controlling the reaction temperature to be above the supercritical temperature of a solvent in the step 2 to perform reaction for 1 to 24 hours under the conditions of the protection of an inert gas and the pressure of 20 to 100 MPa, naturally cooling or quenching with water a reaction kettle, and slowly exhausting the gas from the kettle to obtain the graphene powder. The graphene powder prepared by the method is goose feather-like black fluffy powder. The method of the invention has the advantages of the high efficiency of 100 percent, high yield and less environmental pollution.

A multi-connected air conditioning unit with a natural cooling function and liquid supplied by a liquid pump relates to a multi-connected air conditioning device utilizing the liquid pump to supply liquid to realize natural cooling or mechanical cooling of a plurality of spaces. The multi-connected air conditioning unit comprises an outdoor unit and indoor units, wherein a two-inlet one-outlet three-way valve, a one-inlet two-outlet three-way valve, a low-pressure circulating liquid reservoir, the liquid pump and an outdoor throttle device are arranged in the outdoor unit. The multi-connected air conditioning unit is mainly characterized in that refrigerating circulation and natural circulation are switched by the two-inlet one-outlet three-way valve and the one-inlet two-outlet three-way valve, the spaces can be refrigerated by utilizing steam compression refrigerating circulation in high external temperature or by utilizing natural cooling circulation in low external temperature, and low-temperature liquid generated by the outdoor unit is delivered to each indoor unit by the liquid pump. Compared with the prior art, the multi-connected air conditioning unit utilizes outdoor air cooling capacity to refrigerate sufficiently, shortens running time of a compressor of the air conditioning unit, increases annual running efficiency, and breaks through limitation of the existing natural cooling unit to installation position of the outdoor unit.

The invention relates to a 600V extra-high voltage aluminum electrolyte capacitor working electrolyte and a preparation and an application thereof; the working electrolyte comprises the following materials: 44.5-80.3% of main solvent, 5-15% of auxiliary solvent, 8-15% of solute, 0.5-2.5% of sparking voltage enhancer, 6-10% of stabilizer and 0.2-3% of hydrogen absorbent; the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the main solvent and the auxiliary solvent evenly, heating the mixture to 60-90 DEG C; adding sparking voltage enhancer, heating the mixture to 135-155 DEG C; cooling the heated mixture to 65-80 DEG C by circulating water, adding the solute and the stabilizer, heating the product to 105-135 DEG C; finally, adding the hydrogen absorbent and natural cooling to obtain the working electrolyte. Proper sparking voltage enhancer and stabilizer are added in the electrolyte to improve the high voltage resistant and high temperature resistant properties of electrolyte and to ensure the electrolyte to have low aerogenesis property; the aluminum electrolyte capacitor prepared by using the electrolyte has long service life and high voltage resistant property, and can not be broken down as the sparking voltage of the electrolyte is unstable.

A system and method for liquid-liquid free-cooling that may include a modular coolant distribution unit (CDU) is provided. CDUs can incorporate integral free-cooling or bolt on free-cooling switch modules. The free-cooling flow can be either direct or indirect. Units can interface with each other to provide scalable cooling for computer data centers. Embodiments of the system can integrate with electronics rack passive rear door liquid heat exchangers.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots based on one-step monocomponent hydro-thermal synthesis, which comprises the following steps: mixing and dissolving ammonium citrate with water, putting the mixture in a sealed reaction vessel, performing heat preservation at 140-220 DEG C for 4-48 hours, after the reaction, naturally cooling to room temperature, and separating the product by a silica gel chromatographic column to obtain the nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots. Compared with existing methods, the method of the invention adopts a single and cheap raw material, is simple in steps, easy to operate, and suitable for mass production.

Apparatus for use in controlling the temperature of the water in a kitchen sink (including a bathtub and / or other type of sink) for a reasonably extended period of time, without the necessity of adding additional hot water to the basin of the sink itself, to offset the loss of heat in the water as it naturally cools down over time. The invention also applies to the ability to maintain the water in a sink at a cool temperature, as opposed to a warm temperature. The preferred form of the invention provides a temperature controlling apparatus for a kitchen sink that can be integrally incorporated into the design of newly manufactured sink(s), and when activated by the user, automatically maintains the temperature of the water in the basin of a sink at an temperature level determined by the user.

The invention discloses a full-automatic inductor tin dipping device and a control method. The full-automatic inductor tin dipping device comprises an operating platform, an attracting device, a discharging device, an overturning device, a moving device, a soldering flux device, a tin dipping device body and a tin scraping device, wherein the attracting device is arranged on the discharging device, the discharging device is arranged on the left side of the operating platform, one end of the overturning device is connected with the attracting device, the other end of the overturning device is arranged on the moving device, the moving device is arranged on the operating platform, the soldering flux device is located on the right side of the discharging device, the tin dipping device is located on the right side of the soldering flux device, the moving device can move to the tin dipping device from a feeding position, and the tin scraping device is arranged on the right side of the tin dipping device body. By arranging the rod overturning device, a previous batch of workpieces can be naturally cooled while a current batch of workpieces are moved and dipped with tin, so that it is guaranteed that the workpieces will not be too hot when entering the discharging device, and the quality of the workpieces is guaranteed.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a graphene-coated carbon microsphere material by coating graphene oxide on a carbon microsphere. The method comprises the following steps of: preparing a graphene oxide dispersion solution; preparing the carbon microsphere through taking glucose, sucrose and starch as a carbon source by using a hydrothermal method under acidic conditions; adding the dried carbon microsphere into the graphene oxide dispersion solution; filtering and drying to obtain a graphene-oxide-coating carbon microsphere product; and carrying out thermal reduction on the graphene-oxide-coating carbon microsphere product under a gas protective atmosphere, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a graphene-coaed carbon microsphere product. Compared with the prior art, the method provided by the invention has the advantages that no harmful substances are used in a preparation process, the range of selectable preparation equipment is wide, the raw materials, i.e. graphene and the carbon microsphere, are not required for being subjected to further modification and processing, the water resources used in the preparation process can be recycled and utilized, and products with different proportions and different degrees of reduction can be prepared according to different needs, so that a precondition is provided for the diversity of materials.

The invention discloses a composite phase-change energy storage material for microcapsules and a preparation method thereof. The coating of the microcapsule is made of silicon dioxide, and the core of the microcapsule is made of a phase-change energy storage material, wherein the phase-change energy storage material is a paraffin organic solid-liquid phase-change energy storage material. 0.2 to 0.5 wt.% of dispersed emulsifier, 52.5 to 62.5 wt.% of solvent water, 18.75 to 31.5 wt.% of phase-change energy storage material and 15.5 to 18.75 wt.% of inorganic silica source are matched and put into a reactor for stirring for 5 to 8 hours; the mixture is uniformly dispersed and emulsified at the temperature 3 to 8 DEG C higher than that for solid-liquid phase change; hydrochloric acid aqueous solution catalyst with the pH value of 0.93 to 4.07 or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution catalyst with the pH value of 8.0 to 12.0 is added into the emulsion; the reacting solution is naturally cooled to room temperature and precipitation solution is obtained; the precipitate is washed with the combination of water and petroleum ether, wherein the mass percent of the petroleum ether is 30 wt.%; then the precipitate is washed with deionized water and is filtered, and the product is naturally aired. The invention improves the technology of phase-change energy storage and conservation, and has the function of automatic temperature regulation, favorable physical and chemical stability, crack resistance, flame retardancy, wear resistance and high thermal conductivity.

The invention relates to pearly heat-treated steel rail and its manufacturing method. Its chemical composition percentage by weight includes: C:0.70%-0.95%, Si:0.20%-1.10%, Mn:0.50%-1.50%, V:0.01%-0.20%, Cr:0.15%-1.20%, P: not less than 0.035%, S:not less than 0.035%, and Al: not less than 0.005%. The method includes the following steps: smelting; casting; rolling; cooling from 650-880 centigrade degree to 400-500 centigrade degree or room temperature with 1-10 centigrade degree per second; heating to 850-1100 centigrade degree; natural cooling to 650-880 centigrade degree; cooling to 400-500 centigrade degree with 1-10 centigrade degree per second than stop cooling; and natural laying. The formed steel rail has good wear resistance.

The invention relates to a preparation method of cosmetics camellia oil. High-quality camellia seeds are selected to be used as the raw material; the camellia seeds are roasted under the negative pressure and at the lower temperature, and are husked after natural cooling and are squeezed at the room temperature to obtain high-quality crude oil with low acid value and pale yellow color; impurities are removed through filtration under the heating condition, alkali refining and ethanolic extracting two-stage process is utilized for acid stripping and de-coating; then the mixture composed of active carbon and floridin is used as de-coloring agent for de-pigmentation; peroxide and unclean flavor are removed through deodorization; then the drying winterization is acted; finally, the cosmetics camellia oil is obtained, wherein, the acid value is less than 0.1 mgKOH / g, the peroxide value is less than 0.5 mmol / kg, the appearance is colourless approximately as well as clear and translucent, and no unclean flavor exists. The cosmetics camellia oil reaches or exceeds the requirement of the national standard GB11765-2003 on first level expressed tea-seed oil, and can be directly used for manufacturing the cosmetic such as skin care oil for babies; in addition, an edible camellia oil fabrication plant can be improved for production, thereby lowering the investment cost greatly.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a carbon nano-tube loaded nano-cobalt catalyst. The method comprises the following steps: (1) dissolving a cobalt salt in an organic solvent and then adding a ligand to obtain a mixed liquid; (2) transferring the mixed liquid to a high-pressure kettle, performing a thermostatic heating reaction, naturally cooling to room temperature and then orderly performing filtration, washing and vacuum drying treatment on the generated crystal or powder to obtain a metal organic skeleton product Co-MOF of cobalt; and (3) roasting the metal organic skeleton product Co-MOF for 100-180 minutes at a roasting temperature of 400 DEG C to 1000 DEG C in a calcination atmosphere of argon inside a tubular furnace so as to obtain the carbon nano-tube loaded nano-cobalt catalyst. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the raw materials are low in cost, the production process is also simple, the reaction condition is easy to control, no template agent and surfactant are needed, the prepared product is good in consistency and environment-friendly; and the preparation method is beneficial to batch production and application of carbon nano-tube loaded nano-cobalt.

Cooling apparatus providing two independent heat exchangers (18, 20) serially arranged with respect to a heat flow (42), each heat exchanger being connected to a respective independent chiller (32, 34). The apparatus incorporates an element of redundancy in order to effect an increase in operational efficiency, by being switchable between a first operation mode in which both chillers operate in a free cooling mode and a second operation mode in which a first chiller operates in a free cooling mode and a second chiller operates in a forced cooling mode.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided cooling apparatus. The cooling apparatus comprises an outlet for supplying chilled liquid, an inlet for receiving return chilled liquid, a free cooling system for providing first cooling to the return chilled liquid, a chiller unit for further cooling the first cooled return liquid to a predetermined temperature, a pressure difference sensor for measuring the pressure difference between the chilled liquid supplied at the outlet and the return liquid received at the inlet, and a flow control module for maintaining a predetermined pressure difference between the liquid supplied at the outlet and the return liquid received at the inlet.

The invention provides a preparation method of a MoS2 / Fe3O4 nano composite material, belonging to the technical field of preparation of nano inorganic functional materials. The preparation method taking Fe3O4 nano particles as the raw material comprises the following specific steps of: dispersing the Fe3O4 nano particles in de-ionized water, adding sodium molybdate, sodium chloride, sodium thiocyanate and a surface active agent CTAB (Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide), after stirring for a period of time, adjusting pH by using hydrochloric acid, then, pouring the mixture into a stainless steel reaction kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, and naturally cooling after reacting at the pre-set temperature for a period of time; and centrifugally washing a reaction product by using the de-ionized water for several times, and drying the product to obtain the MoS2 / Fe3O4 nano composite material. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of being simple in process, rapid, high-efficiency and the like; MoS2 is well wrapped on the Fe3O4 nano particles; and the MoS2 / Fe3O4 nano composite material prepared by the invention is good in crystallinity, controllable in morphology and size and good in adsorption property.

The present invention related to cooling systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system for cooling one or more parts of a building and or processes comprising a compressor, a condenser having an inlet and an outlet and a plurality of condenser cooling fans, a receiver, a liquid refrigerant pump, an expansion device, an evaporator, the evaporator being surrounded by a chiller barrel having a cooled water return and a chilled water supply line, and refrigerant line means interconnecting the compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator in series, in a closed loop for circulating refrigerant therethrough; means for switching the cooling system between free cooling and mechanical cooling and means for actively floating the head pressure in both mechanical and free cooling modes.

The invention belongs to the field of material preparation and relates to a method for preparing a graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) material with a monatomic layer structure. The method is characterized in that the prepared g-C3N4 with the monatomic layer structure has the thickness of less than 0.6 nm. The method comprises the following steps of: placing a triazine unit-containing compound serving as a raw material into a muffle furnace, calcining at 400 to 750 DEG C and naturally cooling; porphyrizing the obtained sample and calcining at 400 to 800 DEG C; and ultrasonically stripping the sample which is subjected to secondary calcination into a polar solvent which is a dispersing agent to finally obtain the g-C3N4 with the monatomic layer structure. The method has the advantages that the preparation method is simple; the test result is slightly influenced by human factors in a preparation process; expensive equipment and chemical reagents are not needed in the preparation process; the prepared g-C3N4 with the monatomic layer has large specific surface area and can provide more active sites for catalytic reaction; and the prepared g-C3N4 with the monatomic layer structure is uniform in size and thickness distribution and high in purity.

The invention relates to a setting phase change energy storage material with high-thermal conductivity and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of phase change heat storage materials. The setting phase change energy storage material with high-thermal conductivity is characterized by containing 65-90 percent by mass of paraffin substances as a phase-change material, 9-34 percent by mass of high-density polyethylene as a support material and 1-7 percent by mass of expanded graphite as a heat conduction intensifier; a method for adding a proper amount of expanded graphite to paraffin / high-density polyethylene in a molten state is adopted to enable the heat conductivity of the setting phase change material to be increased to 1.35W / (m.K) or higher. The method comprises the following steps of: heating to melt the paraffin substances with the mass percent of 65-90 percent, and heating to enable the temperature of the liquid paraffin to reach 120-190 DEG C; adding high-density polyethylene with the mass percent of 9-34 percent and the expanded graphite with the mass percent of 1-7 percent to the liquid paraffin, and then melting and evenly stirring in vacuum; putting the mixture in a hot mould for pressing and molding; taking the mixture from the mould after naturally cooling. The setting phase change material has high thermal conductivity, does not need to be packaged in containers and can directly contact heat-transfer media.