The invention provides a treatment method of a cobalt-containing material, belonging to the technical field of non-ferrous metal smelting. In the treatment method, through six steps such as peroxidation roasting, sulfuric acid leaching, N902 extraction of copper, chemical iron calcium magnesium removal, P204 extraction and impurity removal, P507 extraction and separation of nickel-cobalt, nickel,cobalt and copper in the nickel-cobalt material are extracted in high recovery, and impurities such as iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium and the like in the nickel-cobalt material are removed, thereby achieving nickel-cobalt-copper separation and resource comprehensive utilization. According to the treatment method provided by the invention, the process is simple and production cost is relatively low; the adaptability of the method on raw materials is strong and can be used for treating the nickel-cobalt material with complicated components and high copper-zinc-magnesium contents.