The invention discloses a method for preparing a graphene oxide-alumina composite aerogel, wherein the method comprises the following steps: taking graphene oxide, adding the graphene oxide into a dispersing solvent, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 1 h in an ultrasonic cleaning instrument, separating with a low speed centrifuge, filtering out a lower precipitate, and taking an upper solution; taking the solution, adjusting the pH of the solution with dilute ammonia water and dilute hydrochloric acid, then adding aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and carrying out a reaction; and after the reaction in the second step is finished, cooling to room temperature, carrying out magnetic stirring for 0.5 h, then transferring the mixed solution into a polytetrafluoroethylene hydrothermal kettle, keeping for 12 h at the temperature of 180 DEG C, after the reaction kettle is cooled to room temperature, taking out a cylindrical product, washing the cylindrical product with alcohol and water for two to three times respectively, and drying the product for 12 h in a freeze dryer, to obtain the graphene oxide-alumina aerogel composite material. The ultra-light composite material prepared by the method has rich pore passage structure, can give full play to the excellent electrical conductivity of graphene, and has wide application prospect.