The invention discloses a method for manufacturing methyl malei-eleostearate anhydride modified wood fiber by virtue of reaction of wood fiber and methyl malei-eleostearate anhydride. The method comprises the following steps of: firstly, with dimethyl formamide as solvent, carrying out reaction on the wood fiber and methyl malei-eleostearate anhydride at the temperature of 25-130 DEG C for 2-12 hours, wherein the dosage of dimethyl formamide is 20ml per g of the wood fiber, and the dosage of methyl malei-eleostearate anhydride is 2.5-15 times that of the wood fiber; and secondly, extracting reaction products with mixed solvent for 16 hours, removing unreacted small molecular compound, and baking, thus the methyl malei-eleostearate anhydride modified wood fiber is obtained. Catalyst pyridine is added in the first step preferably. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of being rich in resources, being low in cost and being environmentally-friendly. The surface polarity of the modified wood fiber manufactured by adopting the method disclosed by the invention is reduced, and the surface hydrophobicity is improved, thus the interface compatibility with synthetic resin is enhanced.