The invention relates to a copper-based composite material, and particularly relates to a short fiber-particle synergetically-reinforced copper-based composite material which is prepared through powder metallurgy. Short fibers and particles are used as reinforced phases, the content of the short fiber is 0.1-0.1 wt%, and the content of reinforcement particles is 0.1-10 wt%. The short fibers can be carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, ceramic short fibers, and the like, and the particles used as reinforced phases can be aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, titanium diboride, Ti3SiC2, and the like. The composite material is prepared through the steps of mixing, forming, sintering and processing, and the room temperature and the high temperature strength of the composite material can be increased by more than 3 times in comparison with those of pure copper; the electrical conductivity of the composite material can reach more than 80% of that of pure copper; the thermal conductivity of the composite material can reach more than 70% of that of pure copper; the coefficient of friction of the composite material can be reduced to be below 70% of that of pure copper; and the wear rate of the composite material can be reduced to be below 50% of that of pure copper.