The invention belongs to the field of preparation of concrete, and in particular relates to composite material toughened ceramisite concrete and a preparation method thereof. The composite material toughened ceramisite concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight: 320-360 parts of cement, 40-80 parts of lithium slagpowder, 20-40 parts of silica fume, 700-900 parts of recycled coarse aggregates, 500-800 parts of ceramisites, 3-4 parts of a water reducing agent, 100-200 parts of water, 10-20 parts of polyacrylate, 20-30 parts of a toughening composite material, 0.05-0.1 part of sodium gluconate, and 10-15 parts of triethanolamine, wherein the toughening composite material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1.2-1.8 parts of modified silicon dioxide nanotubes, 22-28 parts of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer, 46-50 parts of activated wood powder fibers, 3.5-5 parts of a silane coupling agent, 3.0-3.5 parts of a solubilizing agent, 4-6 parts of a filler and 180-220 parts of water. The concrete has good toughness, isotropy, fatigue resistance, compactness, crack resistance, shock resistance and permeability resistance, and is a high-performance concrete toughening material, and the 28-day compression strength of the prepared concrete can reach 30-60MPa, so that the concrete is suitable for building bearing structures.