56results about How to "Anti-icing" patented technology

The invention discloses super-hydrophobic and super-oleophobic surface preparation technology. In the preparation technology, aluminum or aluminum alloy sheets are subjected to two-step electrochemical treatment, and then are modified by using perfluorinated octadecyl trichlorosilane or perfluorinated polymethacrylate to prepare the super-hydrophobic and super-oleophobic surface. The surface has super-hydrophobic property on aqueous solution of which the pH value is between 1 and 14 and super-oleophobic property on various oil drops, wherein a contact angle of the surface on water is 171 degrees, and a rolling angle is less than 1 degree; the surface expresses the super-oleophobic property on various oil drops except for perfluorinated polymer liquid, and all contact angles between the oil drops and the surface are more than 150 degrees, and rolling angles are generally less than 10 degrees; and the surface can also be put in air for a long time and can still maintain the super-hydrophobic property and super-oleophobic property.

The invention discloses an anti-icing control system of a wind turbine blade and a manufacturing method of the wind turbine blade with the anti-icing performance. The anti-icing control system mainly comprises a monitoring unit, a control unit and a heating unit. The anti-icing control system of the wind turbine blade is reasonable in structural design, convenient to install and high in automation degree and intelligentization degree, can effectively heat the wind turbine blade, can avoid the situation that negative effects are generated on resin and protective coatings of the blade due to the fact that the temperature of the surface of the blade is too high, and can effectively prevent the blade from icing. The manufacturing method is reasonable in technological design, high in maneuverability and stable in technology. A suction surface shell of the wind turbine blade and a pressure surface shell of the wind turbine blade are formed by wrapping middle cores by inner skin and outer skin. Electric heating materials are located on the surface of the blade or between glass fiber cloth of the outer skin of the blade or the inner side of the glass fiber cloth of the outer skin of the blade, the electric heating materials and a surface temperature sensor are integrally formed, and the wind turbine blade with an electric heating system and with the anti-icing performance can be obtained through manufacturing.

The invention discloses modified asphalt for a road and a preparation method. The modified asphalt contains the following components: asphalt, SBS, polybutylene terephthalate, carbon powder, attapulgite clay, epoxy resin, waste rubber, polypropylene fibers, cellulose ether, nano titanium dioxide, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, filler, a compatilizer and a softener. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing pasty attapulgite clay; weighing asphalt and adding the same into a reaction tank; raising the temperature till the asphalt is in a dissolved flowable state; adding a polymer component, the cellulose ether, the compatilizer and the softener into the reaction tank to stir and mix to react for 2-4h; then adding the residual components into the mixture; then placing the mixture into a mixer to be mixed for 2-4h; and cooling the mixture to obtain the modified asphalt. The modified asphalt not only has the characteristics of better cold resistance, crack resistance, aging resistance and high strength, but also has a certain snow-melting and anti-freezing property, and greatly improves the using safety of an asphalt pavement.

The invention relates to a nanometer coating used for preventing icing of a high tension transmission line and application thereof. The nanometer coating is prepared through the following steps: weighing, by weight, 10 to 15% of a high-molecular resin, 20 to 25% of titanium dioxide, 30 to 35% of silica, 3 to 5% of diamond-like carbon and 19 to 32% of a solvent; then compounding and uniformly mixing the high-molecular resin, titanium dioxide, silica and diamond-like carbon and carrying out grinding to obtain a particle with a particle size of 1 to 100 nm; and finally, adding the raw materials uniformly mixed and ground into the solvent and carrying out full stirring so as to obtain the nanometer coating used for preventing icing of the high tension transmission line. The coating provided by the invention allows the high tension transmission line to have the advantages of fouling resistance, icing resistance, high wear resistance and the like, provides a long-acting, high-efficiency, convenient, economic and feasible approach for active resistance to ice and snow disasters, realizes delaying and prevention of icing of super-cooled droplets on the high tension transmission line and enables no icing or little icing to be generated on the high tension transmission line in snowy weather.

The invention provides an extra-high-voltage dry hollow smoothing reactor, comprising a reactor coil, an insulating bracket, a rain-proof noise-reducing device, an arrester and an electric field shielding piece, wherein the insulating bracket is supported at the bottom of the reactor coil; the rain-proof noise-reducing device is wrapped outside the reactor coil; the arrester is connected with the reactor coil in parallel; the insulating bracket comprises a plurality of supporting insulators and at least one horizontally arranged insulator tie bar platform; each supporting insulator comprises a plurality of insulators which are connected in series through end part flanges; and the insulator tie bar platform is connected with the end part flanges of the insulators at the same level of each supporting insulator, so that the insulators at the same level have the same electric potential. The coil of the extra-high-voltage dry hollow smoothing reactor can meet the requirements of a + / - 800 kv or + / - 1,100 kv direct current power transmission project on voltage, current and impact level and can meet the requirements of an extra-high-voltage direct current power transmission project on ground insulating level and seismic intensity.

The invention relates to a suspension type single-row fish blocking electric fence. At least two main rope towers are vertically arranged in a riverside or a riverway. The main rope towers are fixed to the ground through main rope tower foundations. A main rope is suspended on the main rope towers. The ends of the main rope are fixedly connected with main rope ground anchor foundations on the ground. The portion, between the two main rope towers, of the main rope is tensioned and then bends and droops naturally. The portions of the main rope are connected with a cross beam through suspension ropes. The cross beam is kept horizontal. The cross beam is connected with a plurality of suspension assemblies. A steel chain or a steel wire rope is arranged on each suspension assembly. An electrode tube is installed on each steel chain or each steel wire rope. The lower end of each suspension assembly is connected with a positioning pier at the bottom of a riverbed. The cross beam is fixedly connected with ground anchors with cables through cross beam ropes. The main rope, the suspension ropes, the cross beam and the suspension assemblies between the adjacent main rope towers are basically in the same plane. The fish blocking electric fence is convenient to adjust, low in construction cost, short in construction period, capable of meeting the requirements for various water depths and irregular terrains, high in bearing capacity and high in water flow impact resistance, ice blockage resistance and shock resistance.

The invention relates to the field of corrosion-proof ice-covering-proof coatings, and particularly relates to a corrosion-proof ice-covering-proof coating. The corrosion-proof ice-covering-proof coating comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 15%-30% of epoxy resin, 10%-15% of fluoroolefin resin, 15%-40% of nanometer silicon oxide, 10%-20% of solidifying agents, 1%-5% of toughening resin, 5%-10% of titanium dioxide blending agents, 15%-30% of fluorinated acrylate modified polyurethane resin and 5%-15% of organic solvents, wherein each titanium dioxide blending agent comprises polyurethane, biuret, polyester J4, butyl alcohol, ethanol ethyl ester, petroleum type dimethyl benzene, titanium dioxide, fine particle calcium carbonate, talcum powder, sodium pentachlorophenate and tri-butyl alcohol, and the weight ratio of polyurethane to biuret to polyester J4 to butyl alcohol to ethanol ethyl ester to petroleum type dimethyl benzene to titanium dioxide to fine particle calcium carbonate to talcum powder to sodium pentachlorophenate to tri-butyl alcohol is (1.5-2.5):(1-2):(1.5-2):(1.5-2):(1-1.5):(2-2.5):(1.5-2):(1-2):(1-1.5):(0.1-0.3):(0.3-0.5). The corrosion-proof ice-covering-proof coating disclosed by the invention has good adhesive force, can meet the requirements for use conditions of an oil drill rod in a using process in a cold place, and has the advantages of acid resistance, alkali resistance, corrosion proofing and ice-covering proofing.

The invention discloses an anti-freeze nanometer titanium dioxide composite material, comprising the following components based on parts by weight: 1-10 parts of nanometer titanium dioxide, 0.1-20 parts of copolymer, 0.1-10 parts of epoxy resin curing agent and 10-90 parts of organic solvent. The composite material is prepared as follows: dissolving the copolymer and the curing agent into a certain amount of mixed solvent of toluene and acetone to obtain polymer bonder, and dispersing the nanometer titanium dioxide into a certain amount of mixed solvent of toluene and acetone at the same time, and uniformly mixing and stirring them to obtain. The nanometer titanium dioxide composite material is advantaged by strong anti-freeze ability, aging resistance, abrasion resistance, low production cost and so on. The composite material can be used as anti-freeze coating material to be coated on the substrate surface such that the substrate surface has obvious anti-freeze ability, and can be widely used in industries like aviation, electricity and traffic.

The invention provides an icing-resisting road and a construction method thereof. The icing-resisting road comprises a graded rubble layer, a cement stable base layer, a stable rubble layer and a bituminous concrete layer which are sequentially distributed from bottom to top. The bituminous concrete layer comprises a bituminous concrete lower layer, an oil pipe layer and a bituminous concrete upper layer which are sequentially distributed from bottom to top. The oil pipe layer comprises oil pipes which are uniformly laid and communicate, and the oil pipes are connected with a solar heat-absorption plate; the bituminous concrete lower layer and the bituminous concrete upper layer are both obtained through laying of a mixture; the mixture is formed by mixing rubbles, bitumen, a phase transformation unit and steel fibers; the interior of the phase transformation unit is spherical phase transformation paraffin wax, and the exterior of the phase transformation unit is a wrapping layer which is formed by mixing graphene, nanometer aluminum oxide, heat conduction fibers, cement and water; and the phase transformation temperature of the phase transformation paraffin wax is 0-5 DEG C. The icing-resisting road is easy to construct and good in icing-resisting effect.

The invention discloses a substrate with a super-hydrophobic / super-low-adhesion surface. A pit array and a flocculent structure are built on the surface of the substrate, and the portion between the pit array and the flocculent structure on the surface of the substrate is filled with air. The surface of the substrate is modified with low-surface-energy matter, thus, the surface of the substrate has super-hydrophobic / super-low-adhesion performance, and the functions of self-cleaning, fog preventing, freezing preventing and self-water-repelling of the surface of the substrate are achieved. By the adoption of the substrate with the super-hydrophobic / super-low-adhesion surface and a preparation method of the substrate, the manufacturing process is simple and controllable, and the applicable material range is wide.

The invention provides an anti-icing film and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the steps that the surface of a heating film is cleaned through absolute ethyl alcohol till the surfaceis clean, and the surface is naturally aired; the surface of the heating film is coated with a super-hydrophobic coating or a lower-surface-energy anti-ice coating; and curing is carried out, and theanti-icing film is obtained. The anti-icing film can meet the fields with the anti-ice requirement in the aerospace field, the anti-icing film can be powered on for heating and ice removal even though the anti-icing film is iced under the extremely severe or accidental conditions, and the anti-ice and deicing functions are both achieved.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a rare earth / silane doped composite superhydrophobic functional coating. The preparation method includes immersing a clean galvanized matrix in a mixedtreatment solution containing inorganic rare earth salt, silver nitrate, silane coupling agents and long-chain fatty acid for 1-30 minutes, forming a bronze composite coating film on the surface of the galvanized matrix, slowly taking out the galvanized matrix and curing the same into a film at the temperature of 80-150 DEG C for 5-30 minutes. The composite coating film prepared by a simple one-step dip coating technique has the properties of super hydrophobicity, self-cleaning, anti-icing and the like, integrates the protective properties of rare earth conversion films / silane films / superhydrophobic films, and has excellent corrosion prevention capability for galvanized steel, thereby being expected to solve the problems that current chromium-containing passivation harms personal safety and pollutes the environment, other non-chromium passivation has poor protection performance and the like; the preparation method has a simple process and a low cost, and is green, environmentally friendly, and easy to industrialize.

The invention belongs to the field of coatings, and in particular relates to a self-cleaning LED package coating and a preparation method thereof. The self-cleaning LED package comprises a metal substrate cut into two sides to form an anode and a cathode. An LED chip which is located above the center of the metal substrate and a plastic package part used for packaging the metal substrate are arranged. The plastic package part and a lens part protruding above the center are integrally formed. The coating comprises a self-cleaning painting coated on the plastic package part and the surface of the lens part. The self-cleaning painting comprises, by weight, 0.1 to 0.2 part of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles, 0.5 to 2 parts of tridecafluorooctyl triethoxysilane, and 80 to 120 parts of absolute ethanol. The acquired LED package has the property of super-hydrophobic self-cleaning without ultraviolet irradiation, and has the properties of anti-wetting, anti-icing and anti-corrosion. The service life of an LED can be prolonged, and the difficulty of cleaning and maintenance is reduced.

The invention provides a method for preparing aluminum-based super-hydrophobic surface through a one-step method and belongs to the technical field of metal surface treatment. The method comprises thefollowing steps: preparing a sodium chloride water solution and a perfluorotetradecanoic acid ethanol solution; after mixing the two solutions, pouring the mixed solution into a hydrothermal reactionkettle; then vertically putting a pure aluminum sheet which is subjected to sand paper grinding and ultrasonic washing into the hydrothermal reaction kettle; after sealing, putting the hydrothermal reaction kettle into a constant-temperature box; after reacting for a period of time, taking out the aluminum sheet; and washing and drying to obtain the aluminum-based super-hydrophobic surface with amicro-nano structure. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple preparation and easiness for operation; the requirements on equipment are low, expensive equipment is not needed and experiment conditions are not harsh; large-area and low-cost preparation of the aluminum-based super-hydrophobic surface can be realized; the contact angle with water reaches 160 degrees and therolling angle is about 3 degrees; and the prepared aluminum-based super-hydrophobic surface has the characteristics of self cleaning, icing prevention, resistance reduction and the like.

The invention belongs to the technical field of super-hydrophobic materials, and relates to a super-hydrophobic and high-stability nano ceramic coating and an application method thereof. According to the invention, the boehmite material used as a lithium battery diaphragm material is used as a component of the super-hydrophobic coating, and a micro-nano structure of the super-hydrophobic material is formed on the surface when the boehmite material is prepared into a coating by utilizing a unique crystal structure of the boehmite material; and boehmite has the characteristics of uniform and stable dispersion, large specific surface area and low cost, so that during later material application, a component A and a component B are simply dispersed and uniformly mixed in proportion, then the mixture is coated on the surface of a target object, and the super-hydrophobic and high-stability nano ceramic coating with high stability can be formed after curing. The super-hydrophobic coating provided by the invention is low in price, simple in application method and short in process period, can be applied to various substrates, is easy to popularize and use in a large scale, can be applied to scenes such as oceans, coastal areas and ships, and can well realize anti-icing, self-cleaning and corrosion resistance.

The invention discloses a tyre self-repairing agent. The invention adopts the following technical scheme that: the tyre self-repairing agent consists of the following raw materials in part by weight: 3 to 7 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 4 to 9 parts of copper sulfate, 4 to 12 parts of sodium nitrite, 2 to 5 parts of cellulose, 3 to 7 parts of gypsum powder, 1.5 to 4 parts of fine wood meal, 1 to 4 parts of organic bentonite, and 1.5 to 4 parts of water; and the tyre self-repairing agent is prepared by heating, stirring and mixing. The tyre self-repairing agent does not stick inner and outer tyres, has no corrosion or volatility, has good anti-freezing and explosion-proof properties, can prolong the service life of the tyres, and does not affect the dynamic balance when an automobile runs; and the preparation process is simple and low in cost, and can be widely popularized and applied.

The invention discloses cold compress gel. The cold compress gel is formed by mixing, by weight, 1-500 parts of guar gum, 1-500 parts of xanthan gum, 2-1,000 parts of propylene glycol, 2-1,000 parts of glycerin, 0.1-100 parts of ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate and 0-1,500 parts of purified water. An in-vitro smearing mode is adopted, the cold compress gel is smeared on meridian points of the body, effective ingredients travel along main and collateral channels, and the cold compress cooling effect is remarkable; the cold compress gel does not enter the digestive system in the body, is free of any harm or toxic or side effect, and is a safe and environment-friendly product with the functions of fever abating, heatstroke preventing and cooling.

The invention relates to the technical field of nano material development and discloses a self-cleaning nano coating applicable to an automobile windshield. A precipitation reaction method is utilizedfor preparing silicon dioxide with the particle size of 1-50nm, then a silane solution is utilized for modifying, the silicon dioxide is decomposed into an acrylic resin solution, and the windshieldis coated. The prepared super-hydrophobic oleophobic nano composite coating has excellent oil-water separating capability, and a layered microstructure composed of nano holes and microcells which arecommunicated each other appears on the surface of the coating, thereby having a self-cleaning effect on dust; and under the combined action of microtopography and chemical composition of a coating material, mechanical protection on glass is improved, and the self-cleaning nano coating disclosed by the invention also has ice covering resistance and corrosion resistance.

The invention relates to the field of wind power technology, in particular to an anti-icing and de-icing device for a wind turbine blade. By means of the bionic principle, water drop adhesive force is reduced by means of a microporous hydrophobic membrane, water drops on the surface of the membrane are blown off by airflow, surface dryness of the blade is kept, and surface icing of the blade is prevented; ice accretion on the surface of the blade is broken and eliminated through expansion of the membrane after inflation. The device specifically comprises an air heater (blower), an air pipe, an inner membrane, an outer membrane, a membrane clamp base and the like, wherein the air heater (blower) is installed on an I beam of the blade and driven by a wind turbine generator, (hot) air is fed into the air pipe through the air heater (blower) and enters a gap between the inner membrane and the outer membrane through a quick plug connector, and the outer membrane is a breathable microporous hydrophobic membrane; the inner membrane and the outer membrane are sealed all round and fixed quickly by the membrane clamp base. The device has anti-icing and de-icing functions and is low in energy consumption. The device has important significance for safe, economical and efficient operation of wind turbine generators in cold and moist areas in winter.

An exterior-applied Chinese medicine for treating burn and scald, especially the one caused by electrowelding arc, is prepared from vegetative oil, edible emulsifier, and 5 Chinese-medicinal materials including saffron, borneol, turpentine, white glycerin, etc through immersing, mixing and emulsifying.

The invention discloses a bridge main cable fireproof coating structure, a bridge main cable and a manufacturing method of the bridge main cable. A bridge main cable fireproof coating structure is applied to the surface of a cable and comprises a primer layer, a sealing layer, an aerogel fireproof composite layer and a silicon inorganic material composite coating. The primer layer, the sealing layer, the aerogel fireproof composite layer and the silicon inorganic material composite coating are sequentially arranged from inside to outside, and the primer layer is configured to be arranged on the surface of the cable. According to the technical scheme, the problems that in the prior art, a cable is poor in fireproof performance and does not prevent freezing can be solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of hydrophobic coating for an outer wall, and discloses a super-hydrophobic transparent luminous latex coating for an outer wall and a preparation method thereof. The coating is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 35-55 percent of styrene-acrylic emulsion, 10-30 percent of luminous pigment, 3-20 percent of stearate, 1-5 percent of nano-silicon dioxide, 3-5 percent of auxiliary and 20-30 percent of water. The super-hydrophobic transparent luminous latex coating for an outer wall has the advantages of low cost, simplicity in preparation and environmental protection, and can be applied in a large scale.

The invention belongs to the technical field of building outer wall hanging plates, and particularly relates to a decoration and heat preservation integrated outer wall hanging plate. The outer wall hanging plate comprises a decoration surface layer, a structural layer, a heat preservation layer and a galvanized steel frame with an embedded part which are arranged in sequence, wherein the embeddedpart penetrates through the heat preservation layer and extends into the structural layer; the outer surface of the decoration surface layer is coated with a protective layer; the protective layer comprises raw materials in weight part: 80 to 90 parts of pure acrylic emulsion, 18 to 21 parts of polyurethane associative thickener, 5 to 8 parts of vinyltriethoxysilane, 12 to 15 parts of hydroxyethyl cellulose, 25 to 30 parts of vinyl alkoxy phosphate, 15 to 20 parts of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 8 to 10 parts of n-dodecyl mercaptan and 70 to 100 parts of water. The problem thata traditional heat preservation integrated plate is prone to layering in the heat preservation process is solved, and the waterproof, anti-icing, heat preservation, fireproof, high-strength, self-repairing, abrasion-resistant, rain wash-resistant performance and the like are achieved.

The invention discloses a high mechanical durable super-hydrophobic / oil coating with a bionic structure and a preparation method of the high mechanical durable super-hydrophobic / oil coating. The highmechanical durable super-hydrophobic / oil coating comprises the following steps of step one, spraying metal powder with a micro or nano fine structure on the surface of a cleaned member by adopting a cold spraying method, and obtaining a metal coating with a coral reef-like flexible bionic structure on the surface of the member; step two, spraying a solution containing low surface energy chemical substances on the surface of the metal coating which is treated in the step one and has the coral reef-like flexible bionic structure by adopting a conventional spraying method; and after a solvent evaporates, forming the high mechanical durable super-hydrophobic / oil coating with the bionic structure on the surface of the metal coating with the coral reef-like flexible bionic structure. By use of the method, mechanical durability of the super-hydrophobic / oil coating can be effectively improved, so that the contact angle of the prepared high mechanical durable super-hydrophobic / oil coating withthe bionic structure still can be kept to be greater than 150 degrees under the action of an external mechanical force, and a rolling angle is kept to be smaller than 3 degrees.

The invention discloses an airplane surface heater, and relates to the technology of airplane surface heating. According to the adopted technical scheme, the airplane surface heater comprises an air inlet, an air outlet and a heat exchange cavity. The air inlet is formed in one end of the heat exchange cavity. The air outlet is formed in the other end of the heat exchange cavity. The heat exchange cavity is in a snake shape. The airplane surface heater has the advantages that heat of tail gas of an airplane is used for heating the surface of the airplane, resources are saved, and the airplane surface heater is more economic, environmentally friendly and efficient.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of environment functional materials and provides a preparation method and an application of a super-hydrophobic composite membrane material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, a layer of carbon material is loaded on the surface of a base membrane with a combustion method; then, low surface energy modification is performed through fluoroalkyl silane, and the super-hydrophobic composite membrane material is prepared. The super-hydrophobic composite membrane material prepared with the method has excellent water resistance, mist resistance, ice resistance, pollution resistance, self-cleaning property and super-hydrophobic property and can be widely used in the self-cleaning field of materials.

The invention relates to a photothermal and electrothermal hybrid DC anti-icing composite insulator which comprises a hardware end, a voltage equalizing device, a core rod, a sheath and an umbrella skirt. The umbrella skirt comprises combination of two or more of a silicone rubber layer, a photothermal layer and a semiconductor layer. The umbrella skirt is composed of the silicone rubber layer, the photothermal layer and the semiconductor layer. The photothermal layer is arranged on the upper surface, the silicone rubber layer is arranged in the middle and the semiconductor layer is arranged on the lower surface; or the umbrella skirt is composed of the photothermal layer and the silicone rubber layer, and the photothermal layer is arranged on the upper surface and the silicone rubber layer is arranged on the lower layer. The photothermal layer is prepared by mixing inorganic metal oxide with silicone rubber or RTV coating. The semiconductor layer is prepared by mixing conductive graphite micropowder with silicone rubber or RTV coating. The unique hydrophobic mobility of the silicone rubber layer can be migrated to the surface of the photothermal layer so that the insulator has excellent anti-pollution flashover capability, reduces the field strength at the high voltage end of the insulator and delays the aging of the insulator. In the ice and snow weather in winter, the photothermal layer and the semiconductor layer can effectively melt ice and prevent ice flash accidents through the breaking effect during icing.

The invention provides an anti-icing functional structure and its preparation method and application, which belong to the technical field of mechanical surface engineering. The preparation method of the anti-icing functional structure provided by the present invention comprises the following steps: preparing a wedge-shaped microstructure on the surface of the substrate, forming a wedge-shaped microstructure layer on the surface of the substrate; preparing a nanoscale lattice on the surface of the wedge-shaped microstructure layer, A nanoscale lattice layer is formed on the surface of the wedge-shaped microstructure layer; the substrate with the nanoscale lattice structure layer on the surface is subjected to low surface energy treatment, and an anti-icing functional structure is formed on the surface of the substrate. The anti-icing functional structure provided by the present invention is provided with nano-scale lattices and micron-scale wedge-shaped grooves, which can realize the effective anti-adhesion of liquid on the solid surface under the action of directional force, and at the same time make the tiny liquid droplets on the solid surface be continuously Collected, and under the action of the droplet's own pressure difference and directional force, it is directional transported away from the solid surface, so as to achieve surface anti-icing.

An exterior-applied Chinese medicine for treating burn and scald, especially the one caused by electrowelding arc, is prepared from vegetative oil, edible emulsifier, and 5 Chinese-medicinal materials including saffron, borneol, turpentine, white glycerin, etc through immersing, mixing and emulsifying.