143 results about "Molecular surfaces" patented technology

The invention provides a method for treating a medical condition, disease, or disorder mediated by a misfolded form of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a subject in need of treatment. The method optionally comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an agent selected from (1) an exogenous antibody or fragment thereof that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (2) an immunogen that elicits production of an endogenous antibody that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (3) a nucleic acid sequence encoding (1) or (2). In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using amyotrophic disease-specific epitopes, and compositions including these epitopes. The invention also provides antibodies that bind to monomeric or misfolded SOD1, and not on the molecular surface of native homodimeric SOD1. In addition, the invention includes methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subject. Also, the invention provides methods of identifying substances for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and kits using the binding proteins of the invention.

The present invention is directed to methods for coating monolayer films of surface-active polymers onto substrates of arbitrary shape. The present invention also provides molecular-based methods and processes that can be used to control the chemical and physical nature of surfaces and interfaces. The present invention is directed to methods for modifying functional groups in a homogenous way and controlling the spatial distributions of surface functional groups. The invention is directed to methods for modifying a substrate having a surface comprising coating a macromolecular surfactant comprising a modifiable functional group onto the surface of the substrate, wherein the modifiable functional group assembles to the air-coating interface, thereby modifying the surface of the substrate; wherein if the substrate comprises a first polymer and the macromolecular surfactant comprises a second polymer having a modifiable functional group, then the group is not modifiable by an acid to functionally modify the surface of the substrate. The invention is directed to devices made by these methods.

The invention provides a method for treating a medical condition, disease, or disorder mediated by a misfolded form of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a subject in need of treatment. The method optionally comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an agent selected from (1) an exogenous antibody or fragment thereof that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (2) an immunogen that elicits production of an endogenous antibody that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (3) a nucleic acid sequence encoding (1) or (2). In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and macular degeneration, glaucoma, ischemia, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or necrotizing enterocolitis using disease-specific epitopes, and compositions including these epitopes. The invention also provides antibodies that bind to monomeric or misfolded SOD1, and not on the molecular surface of native homodimeric SOD1. In addition, the invention includes methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subject. Also, the invention provides methods of identifying substances for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and kits using the binding proteins of the invention.

A method for determining interaction of an analyte with a binding agent immobilized to a solid support surface by contacting the surface with a fluid sample containing the analyte, and detecting binding events at the solid support surface, wherein the sample is based on a complex medium containing at least one species other than analyte that may interact with the solid support surface, is disclosed. The method comprises contacting the solid support surface with sample medium free from analyte prior to contacting the surface with the analyte-containing sample.

The invention discloses a comb-type amphipathicity water-solubility multipolymer and a method for making the same as well as an application. The method is characterized in that: 20 portions of acrylamide, 0.1 to 10 portions of negative ion monomer, 0.5 to 15 portions of at least one of the surface activity macromolecular monomer 4-vinyl benzyl alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether or / and allyl alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and 30 to 600 portions of deionized water are added into a three-necked reaction bulb, the pH value of the solution is adjusted to between 4 and 9, N2 is introduced into the solution for 30 minutes, 0.002 to 0.3 portion of evocating agent sulphate is added at the temperature of between 30 and 70 DEG C to react 12 to 36 hours in order to prepare PABE which is diluted by water to obtain the PABE strong solution; the comb-type amphipathicity water-solubility multipolymer which can viscosify, has salt resistance and the low surface tension as well as the molecular association ability and can be used for the fuel scavenge. The multipolymer is prepared into a water solution with a mass concentration between 0.3 and 3g / L and a surface active agent concentration between 0.01 and 2mmol / L, the water solution is added into a blending container with a stirring device and is stirred evenly at room temperature so that the polymer oil-displacing agent which can viscosify and shear-resistant and has excellent anti-aging performance in a hyperhaline state and at the temperature of 70 DEG C. The PABE has the double function of a tackifier and a macromolecule surfactant. Infinitesimal low molecular surface active reagent is added into the PABE solution, thereby evidently increasing the apparent viscosity of the solution, reducing the surface tension and the oil-water boundary tension of the solution and contributing to improving the recovery ratio.

A method for surface micropatterning includes forming on a surface containing a first polymer a first coating containing a second polymer having first functionalities capable of being converted to second functionalities by exposure to an acid. A second coating containing a photoacid generator is formed on the first coating. The second coating containing the photoacid generator is selectively irradiated in one or more regions thereof with radiation having a spatially varying internsity pattern to generate an acid in each irradiated region of the second coating. The acid converts the first functionalities of each region of the second polymer underlying a respective irradiated region of the second coating to second functionalities. A first molecular patterned surface having one or more regions of the first functionalities and one or more regions of the second functionalities is formed.

Methods for constructing tyrosine-derived biotinylated polymers. Biotinylated polymers and polymer scaffolds constructed with the biotinylated polymers are also disclosed.

The invention discloses a coupled photon-plasmon micro cavity with focused energy, a preparation method and applications thereof. A coupled layer is connected with a Bragg nano micro cavity and a metal surface plasmon lens to form a coupled photon-plasmon micro cavity, under effects of the coupled layer, a waveguide mode and a surface Plasmon mode interact, a coupled photon-plasmon mode is formed, and thus, energy is focused in the center of the Bragg nano micro cavity; through a bow tie antenna and a magnetic oscillator, energy limited in the Bragg nano micro cavity can be effectively coupled in the bow tie antenna or the magnetic oscillator, and the electric field strength in the bow tie nano antenna and the magnetic field strength in the magnetic oscillator are greatly improved; and the coupled photon-plasmon micro cavity can be applied to a single molecule Raman spectrum detection device, a molecular surface enhanced infrared absorption spectrum detecting device, a nano point light source in lithography micromachining, and a refractive index sensor or a biosensor.

The invention discloses a lignin-based anion-cation type high-molecular surface active agent and a preparation method thereof. The lignin-based anion-cation type high-molecular surface active agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of lignin sulfonate, 10-30 parts of epoxy chloropropane, 50-200 parts of polyethylene glycol, 1-3 parts of catalyst and 5-30 parts of quaternary-ammonium-salt type cationic surface active agent. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adopting the lignin sulfonate, the polyethylene glycol and the quaternary-ammonium-salt type cationic surface active agent as main materials, firstly synthesizing lignin sulfonate polyoxyethylene ether, and then compositing with the quaternary-ammonium-salt type cationic surface active agent to prepare the lignin-based anion-cation type high-molecular surface active agent. The novel lignin-based anion-cation type high-molecular surface active agent prepared by the invention has a controllable water draining skeleton and a polyoxyethylene-ether flexible hydrophilic side chain, has lower critical aggregation concentration and surface tension compared with the traditional lignin sulfonate, and can be applied in the industrial fields of pesticide dispersing agents and the like as a novel functional additive.

The invention provides a method for treating a medical condition, disease, or disorder mediated by a misfolded form of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a subject in need of treatment. The method optionally comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an agent selected from (1) an exogenous antibody or fragment thereof that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (2) an immunogen that elicits production of an endogenous antibody that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (3) a nucleic acid sequence encoding (1) or (2). In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using amyotrophic disease-specific epitopes, and compositions including these epitopes. The invention also provides antibodies that bind to monomeric or misfolded SOD1, and not on the molecular surface of native homodimeric SOD1. In addition, the invention includes methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subject. Also, the invention provides methods of identifying substances for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and kits using the binding proteins of the invention.

The invention belongs to the technical field of advanced nano materials, and specifically relates to a magnetic ordered mesoporous carbon-based or polymer-based core-shell structural composite microsphere and a preparation method thereof. According to the preparation method, magnetic nanoparticles are adopted as seeds, and the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles is coated with a dense silica protective layer with a sol-gel method; a macromolecular surfactant / polymer layer composite material of an ordered mesostructure is deposited on the surface of silicon dioxide by adopting an interface co-assembly technique and using a large molecular weight block copolymer as a templating agent; and finally, a magnetic mesoporous carbon-based composite microsphere having a strong surface hydrophobicity is obtained by calcination and carbonization in nitrogen, or a surface functionalized magnetic mesoporous polymer-based composite microsphere is obtained by removing the templating agent on the surface of the macromolecular with a solvent extraction method. The composite microsphere provided by the invention has the characteristics of strong magnetic responsiveness, relatively large ordered mesoporous passages, regular and ordered shell core structure, controllable hydrophilia and hydrophobicity and easy material transport and diffusion, and has important application prospects in the fieldof adsorption and separation.

The invention relates to the filed of genetic engineering, and specifically relates to a xylanase xyn-CDBFV-m with modified thermal stability, a gene thereof, and an application thereof. The amino acid sequence of the xylanase is represented by SEQ ID NO.1. The invention aims at improving the thermal stability of the xylanase xyn-CDBFV of rumen fungi neocallimastix patriciarum, so that the xylanase can resist high temperature during a feestuff granulation process, and thereby the xylanase can be applied in feedstuffs. According to the invention, with a protein engineering approach, disulfide bond is introduced into an N terminal of the xylanase xyn-CDBFV; two relatively high regions of B-factor are eliminated; and salt bond is introduced into a molecular surface, so that a xylanase xyn-CDBFV-m with substantially improved thermal stability is obtained. According to the xylanase xyn-CDBFV-m provided by the invention, 56.7% of enzymatic activity is maintained after 4min of treatment under a temperature of 80 DEG C. Therefore, the xylanase can resist short high-temperature treatment during feedstuff granulation. The xylanase provided by the invention shows great application potential.

The invention provides a preparation method of bovine serum albumin molecular surface imprinted polymer microspheres. The method comprises the following steps: 1, adding methacryloyl chloride into an acetone solution containing crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol microspheres to form modified microspheres; 2, combining acryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride with bovine serum albumin molecules in a neutral aqueous solution by virtue of strong electrostatic interactions so as to form a host-guest complex; 3, carrying out a crosslinking copolymerization reaction on the metacrylate modified microspheres, the host-guest complex, a crosslinking agent N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide and an initiating agent so as to achieve the surface imprinting of the bovine serum albumin molecules; and 4, repeatedly flushing the imprinted microspheres with sodium chloride and then flushing the imprinted microspheres with distilled water so as to obtain the bovine serum albumin molecular surface imprinted polymer microspheres with a large quantity of template molecular imprinted cavities retained on the surfaces. According to the method, the protein imprinting is carried out on the basis of the electrostatic interactions between the template protein and each functional monomer; and a new molecular design thought for developing a protein molecular imprinting technology is provided. Thus, the method provided by the invention has a positive reference value in the protein separation and purification field.

The invention is a method of preparing carbon nano fibers, characterized in adopting hydrazine hydrate and high molecular surface active agnet polyvinylpyrrolidone to hydrothermally synthesize nano lines of semiconductor Te at 160-200DEG C; then adopting the nano lines as template and adopting carbohydrate to react at 160-220DEG C for 4-20 h and synthesizing carbon-coated Te nano cables as intermediate for preparing carbon nano fiber; and oxidizing to remove Te cores from the nano cables and obtaining the carbon nano fibers. And it avoids production of carbon balls in the carbonizing course, and the surfaces of the obtained carbon-coated Te nano cables and carbon nano fibers all have large numbers of functional groups. And it is relatively suitable for industrialized production.

The invention relates to a pressure sensitive adhesive using starch as substrate material, in particular to a pressure sensitive adhesive which is prepared by taking starch as substrate material and causing graft monomer to be grafted and copolymerized on the substrate material, and the preparation method of the pressure sensitive adhesive. The main components of the pressure sensitive adhesive of the invention comprise starch graft monomer copolymer prepared by starch substrate and graft monomer. The preparation method uses monomer mixture to take grafting and copolymerization on starch molecular surface, and embeds degradable starch chain segment on the formed high polymer long chain to reach the aim of realizing the degradable pressure sensitive property of polymer. According to the principle, the degradable pressure sensitive adhesive, with starch as substrate, and acrylates and other monomer mixtures as grafting monomer and prepared after repeated experiments, reaches the requirement of the application property of the pressure sensitive adhesive.

The invention provides a method used for high efficiency adsorbing of heavy metals with a functionalized magnetic material rich in thio amino groups, relates to preparation of a thio amino functional group modified hyperbranched polymer magnetic material, belongs to the field of functional material and heavy metal adsorption, and more specifically relates to removing of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ in aqueous solutions with a hyperbranched polymer functionalized magnetic compound material with terminal amino groups modified with sulfur-containing chelation groups via static adsorption. The terminal amino group hyperbranched polymer contains a high molecular weight polymer with a network ball similar three-dimensional structure which is capable of increasing the density of surface functional groups. Compared with linear polymers, the polymer with the hyperbranched structures possesses following advantages: molecular chain entanglement is not easily caused, solubility is high, viscosity is low, the molecular structure is spherical, the interior of the polymer is provided with a large amounts of cavities, and the molecular surfaces possess a large number of reaction active sites, so that it is benefit for introduction of certain chelation groups, and the polymer is capable of increasing adsorbing efficiency in application in adsorption field. The polymer is capable of removing heavy metal ions such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ in aqueous solutions completely; the adsorbing materials are widely available; cost is low; operation is simple; removing effect is achieved quickly; and efficiency, selectivity, and adsorption capacity are high.

Provided herein are methods, such as phage display assays, for bioengineering peptides that bind to geometrically and / or atomically structured molecular surfaces such as, for example, flat surfaces, smooth curved surfaces, as well as surfaces with periodic, random, or fractal atomic configurations. Surface-binding peptides are provided that are identified using the phage-display methods. Furthermore, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) substrates, biosensors, biochips, and electrodes are provided that include the surface-binding peptides.

The invention provides a kind of super tiny cerium-zirconium-barium compound oxide and the manufacturing method. The molecular formula is CexZr1-xBayOz, the mol proportion of cerium, zirconium and barium is: Ce=X(X=0.1í½1) : Xr=1-X: Ba=Y(Y=0.1í½0.5), it uses metal nitrate such as cerium nitrate, zirconium nitrate, barium nitrate as materials, through polyglycol high molecular surface decorating agent, uses butyl alcohol azeotropy distillation. The baked temperature is 600 deg.C í½700 deg.C, the time is 3í½4 hours.

The invention relates to a method for realizing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering active substrate based on carbon nanometer pipe arrays and metal nanometer particles. The method includes: utilizing the carbon nanometer pipe arrays arranged perpendicularly as nanometer metal structural carriers with large superficial area, depositing precious metal nanometer particles on the nanometer pipe carriers to form a surface-enhanced Raman scattering active substrate, attaching molecules to be detected onto the surface of rough metal, and irradiating the surfaces of the molecules to be detected by excitation light to enhance Raman scattering signals of the molecules evidently. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering active substrate is simple in manufacturing process, low in cost and free of pollution, the superficial area of the carbon nanometer pipe arrays is large, packing effect of metal nanometer particles is effectively improved, thereby the sectional area of Raman scattering is enlarged and the enhanced intensity of the Raman scattering signals is higher.

The invention relates to the field of semiconductor display and mainly relates to a substrate. The substrate comprises a substrate body, a copper electrode and a photoresist layer, wherein the copper electrode and the photo-etching glue layer are formed on the substrate body, and a copper diffusion / photoresist stripping improvement layer is further arranged between a copper electrode and the photoresist layer. The copper diffusion / photoresist stripping improvement layer is made from a material including main molecular chains, molecular surface groups and molecular chain end groups. The technical problems of copper diffusion and photoresist stripping occurred when copper is used for a TFT electrode by utilizing groups of different characteristics to play a difference role on the surfaces of different materials are solved, a strong bonding key is formed between the molecular surface groups and the copper, copper ions are fixed, copper diffusion is prevented, molecular chain end groups can fix a photoresist, and photoresist stripping can be prevented.

The invention relates to a micro-array biochip, and a preparation method and an application of the micro-array biochip. The micro-array biochip comprises a glass chip substrate and a modification layer. The modification layer comprises a chromium layer, a silver and / or gold layer, a self-assembly monomolecular layer, and a photo-cross-linking agent and high-molecular layer, which are overlaid in sequential on the surface of the glass chip substrate. The invention also provides a protein micro-array, a method for preparing the protein micro-array, and an application of the protein micro-array to detect micromolecule medicine. According to the invention, three-dimensional high-molecular surface modification of the micro-array biochip is completed by the method, and the fixation amount of protein on the surface of the micro-array biochip can be effectively improved, so that micromolecule, hard to detect in the prior art, can be detected without marking, in accuracy, and in high flux. The micro-array biochip is of great significance to the field, such as molecular biology study and medicinal development.

The invention belongs to fluorochrome molecular luminescence domain, concretely relates to a method for getting identical dye molecule of the identical base emit fluorescent lights with different colors by constructing different structural surfaces of backing materials and accordingly introducing coherent conditions of organic light-emitting molecule and oligomer light-emitting molecule. The said method includes the following steps: selecting inorganic background or polymeric background and performing treatment for substrate surface; constructing surfaces with microstructure by layered self-packaging, vapour deposition, LB film technology, nano autogram or stamping-cure selective elution technique for the treated background; depositing film of identical dye molecule on inorganic background or polymer background of micro-structural surface with vacuum degree of 1*10-4-5*10-4Pa and electric current of 5-10A; agitated by ultraviolet light, fluorescent lights with different colors can be observed on molecular surface of identical dye by fluorescence spectrometer or fluorescence microscope.

The invention discloses self-healing conductive hydrogel and a preparation method and application thereof. The hydrogel is prepared from, by weight, 76-107 parts of hydrophobic modified polyacrylamideserving as a hydrogel matrix, 0.2-1 part of small molecular surface modified silver nanowires and 4-14 parts of glucan through one-step in-situ synthesis. The small molecular surface modified silvernanowire is a small molecular organic matter N, N-bisacryloyl cystamine surface modified silver nanowire. The two ends of the self-healing conductive hydrogel are connected with wires and packaged toobtain the self-healing conductive hydrogel sensor. According to the preparation method, the conductive, high-strength and self-healing hydrogel can be prepared simply and efficiently, self-healing can be realized after fracture, and the conductivity and the sensibility can be recovered.

The invention discloses cyclodextrin modified nano-silver hydrogel, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The cyclodextrin modified nano-silver hydrogel contains 0.1%-0.4% by mass of nano-silver particles modified by in-situ reduction of cyclodextrin, the nano-silver particles are uniformly dispersed, the tensile strength of the cyclodextrin modified hydrogel is 3.5-6 MPa, and the relative standard error for measuring a molecular surface scanning Raman signal is lower than 10%. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing cyclodextrin with a silver salt aqueous solution to obtain a mixture, and heating under an alkaline condition to react to obtain cyclodextrin modified nano-silver gel; and (2) adding a gelator, and preparing the cyclodextrin modified nano-silver hydrogel via a frozen gel forming method. The cyclodextrin modified nano-silver hydrogel provided by the invention is good in uniformity, strong in repeatability, good in mechanical property, sensitive in detection, simple to prepare and mild in reaction, and is used as a surface enhanced Raman substrate.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a theophylline molecular surface printing material, and relates to a molecular printing polymer. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: activating silica gel microparticles; connecting surface chemical bonds of silica gel microparticles with sulfydryl containing silane coupling agents; chemically grafting polyglycidyl methacrylate on surfaces of silica gel microparticles; modifying by 5-aminosalicylic acid; and preparing the surface molecular printing polymer of silica gel microparticles. According to the invention, high performance molecular printing polymer is prepared through a method of graft polymerization and crosslinking printing sequentially. The molecular surface printing material has special identifying selection and excellent combining affinity to theophylline.

The invention relates to the technical field of polyurethane foam, and more specifially relates to a modified graphite flame retardant, all-water-blown polyurethane foam prepared from the modified graphite flame retardant, and a preparation method of the all-water-blown polyurethane foam. The modified graphite flame retardant is characterized by consisting of modified expandable graphite and a dispersion suspending agent, wherein the modified expandable graphite is formed by adsorbing one or more layers of a high molecular surface modifier with special functional groups on the surface of expandable graphite; the all-water-blown polyurethane foam is composed of a polyether polyol, a polyester polyol, a catalyst, silicone oil, the modified graphite flame retardant, a synergistic flame retardant, a foaming agent, a stabilizer and a polyisocyanate. The all-water-blown polyurethane foam is prepared by the following steps: (1) preparing modified expandable graphite; (2) preparing the expandable graphite flame retardant; and (3) preparing the all-water-blown polyurethane foam. The obtained all-water-blown polyurethane foam has the advantages of favorable flame retardancy, long-lasting flame-retardant effect, low addition amount, greatly increased oxygen index, greatly reduced heat release rate peak value and the like.

The invention provides a method for treating a medical condition, disease, or disorder mediated by a misfolded form of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a subject in need of treatment. The method optionally comprises administering to the subject a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and an agent selected from (1) an exogenous antibody or fragment thereof that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (2) an immunogen that elicits production of an endogenous antibody that binds selectively to the misfolded form of SOD, and / or (3) a nucleic acid sequence encoding (1) or (2). In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods of treating diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and macular degeneration, glaucoma, ischemia, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or necrotizing enterocolitis using disease-specific epitopes, and compositions including these epitopes. The invention also provides antibodies that bind to monomeric or misfolded SOD1, and not on the molecular surface of native homodimeric SOD1. In addition, the invention includes methods of diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subject. Also, the invention provides methods of identifying substances for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and kits using the binding proteins of the invention.

A method for preparing molecule surface engram polymer has the steps as follows: fix the pattern molecule on the carrier surface, wash that not being combined by buffer solution, dry the carrier; hatch the synthesized monomer, cross linking reagent and functional monomerand the pattern molecule fixed on the carrier surface for combining pattern protein molecule and function monomer to be compound and distributing function monomer on the surface of pattern protein; add initiator to cause polymerization, fix the compound formed by pattern molecule and function monomer on the polymer surface; wash the engram polymer for clearing away the pattern molecule remarked in it, finally acquire the product. The invention makes the engram of molecule on the surface of material, which eliminates hard washing of pattern molecule embedded in polymer as well as makes the pattern molecule engram, and greatly advances the recognition to substance and dynamic performance.