565results about How to "Increase the number of cycles" patented technology

A rechargeable battery or cell is disclosed in which the electrode active material consists of at least one nonmetallic compound or salt of the electropositive species on which the cell is based, and the electrolyte or electrolyte solvent consists predominantly of a halogen-bearing or chalcogen-bearing covalent compound such as SOCl2 or SO2Cl2. Also disclosed are cell component materials which include electrodes that consist primarily of salts of the cell electropositive species and chemically compatible electrolytes. These latter electrolytes include several newly discovered ambient temperature molten salt systems based on the AlCl3-PCl5 binary and the AlCl3-PCl5-PCl3 ternaries.

A system and method for increasing rendering efficiency in pipelined graphics systems. In the disclosed embodiments, reads of pixel information during the rendering of a primitive are suspend if the pixel information has not been updated by a previous primitive. In some embodiments, reads of pixel information are also suspended periodically when a table tracking the information becomes full. In some embodiments a Read Monitor Unit 108 controlled by the graphics system's Memory Controller 106 is used to track pixels which have been affected by rendered primitives. In some embodiments, a history list is used to avoid suspension of reads for antialiased lines. In a particular embodiment, the table used to track affected pixels is two-bits, the first bit tracking whether the pixel has been touched by a primitive since the last SuspendReads command was invoked and the second bit tracking whether the pixel has been touched by the current primitive. Both bits are reset when a power on or SuspendReads command occurs. The second bit is also reset at the start of rendering for each primitive. In a separate embodiment, a unique number is assigned to each primitive to be rendered. The number is recorded for each active pixel touched by the primitive. If an earlier primitive has touched this pixel, suspension of reads can be invoked and the table reset (i.e., every entry is marked invalid).

A circuit board including conductive layers bonded to both surfaces of an insulating ceramic substrate, with a brazing material disposed therebetween. The conductive layers comprise at least 99.98% by mass of aluminum, and display an average crystal grain diameter within a range from 0.5 mm to 5 mm and a standard deviation σ for that crystal grain diameter of no more than 2 mm. Each conductive layer comprises at least 20 ppm of Cu, Fe and Si. The surface area of the crystal with the maximum crystal grain diameter within the conductive layers accounts for no more than 15% of the surface area of the insulating ceramic substrate.

Formulations for pitch control, and methods of making and using thereof, are described herein. The formulations contains one or more 1,3-selective lipases. 1,3-selective lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of the terminal ester groups in triglycerides leaving the internal ester group intact. The enzyme formulations can contain one or more additives, such as dispersants, metal ions, absorbents, adsorbents, cationic polymers, and combinations thereof. The enzyme formulation is typically applied as a solution to the pulp stock. The enzyme formulations can be applied at any of one or more various points during the pulping and paper manufacturing processes. The use of selective lipase(s) decreases the total concentration of fatty acids in the system, and catalyzes the formation of monoglycerides, which are more effective at dispersing fatty acids than glycerol, the product of non-selective lipases, thereby improving pulp and paper machine runnability and pulp and paper quality.

The invention provides an artificial graphite composite negative electrode material for a lithium-ion battery and a preparation method of the artificial graphite composite negative electrode material. The material is a secondary particle complex of pure artificial graphite, and is prepared by the technologies of crushing, grading, spheroidizing, ion beam bombardment, mixing, high-temperature compounding, grading, graphitizing, screening, demagnetizing and the like, and the needle coke is taken as a raw material and the asphalt is taken as a binder. The compaction density of the composite negative electrode material prepared by the method can reach 1.80g / cc; the reversible capacity is higher than 355mAh / g; the first efficiency is about 94%; and the electrode expansion ratio after circulating 200 cycles is lower than 8%. The adopted technologies are traditional powder processing technologies or carbon technologies; and industrialization is easy to achieve.

The invention relates to a graphene hollow nano fiber and a preparation method thereof. The external diameter of the graphene hollow nano fiber is 7-700nm, the internal diameter is 6-698nm, the length-diameter ratio is 20:1-2000:1, and the specific area is 300-2600 m<2> / g. The preparation method comprises the following steps: by using an inorganic fiber as a template, heating to 400-1000 DEG C in a carrier gas, introducing a carbon source, and decomposing at the same temperature to directly form the graphene hollow fiber or form a carbon-inorganic template composition fiber; and cooling the composition fiber, treating with acid or alkali, filtering, washing and drying. The preparation method is simple; and the product has the advantages of high purity, complete structure and high mechanical strength, and is suitable to be used as a separation or adsorbing material, an electrode material for electrochemical energy storage or a conducting agent.

The invention discloses a method and a device for burning chemistry chains based on iron or iron oxide, and the method comprises the following steps: placing iron or iron oxide in an air reactor fluidized bed; introducing fluidized air; obtaining Fe2O3 by reacting iron or iron oxide with oxygen in the introduced air; separating gas phase from solid phase by a separator; discharging the separated high-temperature oxygen-poor air from the top end of the separator; feeding the separated Fe2O3 in a fuel reactor fluidized bed via an overflow groove; feeding solid fuel in the fuel reactor fluidizedbed via a spiral feeder; generating synthesis gas by a gasification reaction in which the solid fuel reacts with the water vapour introduced from the bottom end of the fuel reactor; carrying out reduction reaction by reacting the synthesis gas or fuel with oxygen released by Fe2O3 to generate carbon dioxide; reducing Fe2O3 to FeO or Fe; returning to an air reactor fluidized bed via an overflow groove for further oxidation; and realizing cyclic usage. If gas fuel is used, the gas fuel is directly introduced in the fuel reactor.

The invention relates to a preparation method for making lithium ion battery cathode materials of LiFePO4 / C by using the reducing agent and inorganic salts of iron source, phosphorus source, lithium source, carbon source and so on as raw materials. Adopt the combining method of sol-gel and microwave treatment and prepare ultrafine particles of LiFePO4 and carbon coat the particles at the same time. On this basis, change the property of LiFePO4 / C by metal doping of Cr3 plus , Co3 plus . By processing with industrial microwave oven of high power, the invention shortens processing time greatly, increases the yield remarkably, reduces material cost and energy loss, simplifies the processes, improves the efficiency of industrial production of lithium ion battery and is convenient for implementation in industry. Take it as cathode materials of lithium ion battery with high-rate discharge. The invention raises conductivity of lithium iron phosphate and at the same time improves charge discharge capacity and cycle numbers by carbon coating and metal element doping.

The invention discloses a system and method for rapidly charging an energy-feedback type lead-acid battery. Negative discharge pulses generated when the lead-acid battery discharges electricity to a circuit through which a resistor and a capacitor are connected in parallel is converted into front-end electrolytic capacitor charging feedback energy, electric energy stored in an electrolytic capacitor is then transmitted to the lead-acid battery when positive pulse charging is conducted, and the charging method has the energy conservation effect; as the second improvement, three triangular current waves are used for being equivalent to positive pulses and negative pulses generated through an existing positive and negative pulse type charging method, the problem of polarization in the rapid charging process of the lead-acid battery is further solved, the pressure, temperature and inductance inside the battery are decreased, energy loss is reduced, the charge acceptance capacity of the lead-acid battery is enhanced, electric energy is more effectively converted into chemical energy to be stored, charging efficiency is improved, the charging speed is further increased, charging time is shortened, the number of times of circulated use of the lead-acid battery is increased, and the system and the method are suitable for popularization and application.

The invention relates to an extraction technology of natural pigment, in particular to a method for extracting purple sweet potato anthocyanin. The method comprises the following steps of: grinding purple sweet potatoes into powder and adding cellulase to carry out enzymolysis on the purple sweet potato powder; adding citric acid to substances subjected to the enzymolysis to carry out extraction;filtering the extract obtained in the extraction step through macroporous absorbing resin, eluting the macroporous absorbing resin which adsorbs purple sweet potato anthocyanin by using eluent and condensing the purple sweet potato anthocyanin subjected to the eluting; and carrying out spray drying on the condensed purple sweet potato anthocyanin pigment obtained in the purification step to obtain final products and detecting the quality of the final products. The purple sweet potato anthocyanin extracted by the method has the advantages of excellent quality, less impurity content, stable property and long shelf life, the number of recycling times of the macroporous absorbing resin is increased, and the production efficiency is improved.

A circuit board including conductive layers bonded to both surfaces of an insulating ceramic substrate, with a brazing material disposed therebetween. The conductive layers comprise at least 99.98% by mass of aluminum, and display an average crystal grain diameter within a range from 0.5 mm to 5 mm and a standard deviation σ for that crystal grain diameter of no more than 2 mm. Each conductive layer comprises at least 20 ppm of Cu, Fe and Si. The surface area of the crystal with the maximum crystal grain diameter within the conductive layers accounts for no more than 15% of the surface area of the insulating ceramic substrate.

The invention relates to a lithium battery LiFePO4 anode material with an internal three-dimensional conductive structure and a preparation method thereof. In the lithium battery LiFePO4 anode material, LiFePO4 anode micron particles form a core; a nanometer carbon material wraps the LiFePO4 nano particles to form cored conductors, the shell layers and cores of the cored conductors form first conductive layers; a nanometer metal or a metal oxide wraps the core-containing conductor again; shells wrapped again form second conductive layers; the LiFePO4 anode micron particles are formed by two times of wrapping; and the second conductive layers and the first conductive layers of the LiFePO4 anode micron particles form a three-dimensional network together. The lithium battery LiFePO4 anode material with the internal three-dimensional conductive structure is formed by a two-time wrapping process. The capacitance of the material is more than 150mAh / g; and after 200 times of circulation, the capacitance attenuation of the material is less than 5 percent.

The invention discloses an antibacterial amidoxime-group seawater-extracted uranium absorbent and a preparation method thereof. A quaternary ammonium salt monomer and an acrylonitrile monomer are grafted to a natural fiber monomer with a graft polymerization method, hydroxylamination preparation is then performed, and the absorbent contains, by weight, 0.1-1.0mmol / g of a quaternary ammonium group and 0.2-7.5mmol / g of an amidoxime group. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the antibacterial seawater-extracted uranium absorbent. In preparation, raw materials including, by weight, 10 parts of a natural fiber material, 10-90 parts of acrylonitrile, 10-90 parts of vinyl quaternary ammonium salt, 1-5 parts of a redox-initiation-system oxidizing agent, 1-5 parts of a reducing agent, 10-30 parts of oxammonium hydrochloride and 300-600 parts of deionized water are involved, and the processing step includes grafting reaction under the redox initiation system and amidoximation reaction of graft products. The antibacterial amidoxime-group seawater-extracted uranium absorbent is rich in source of fiber based materials, natural renewable, low in price and low in preparation cost, and the antibacterial rate of the absorbing material on Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus reaches over 95%; as compared with a conventional seawater-extracted uranium absorbent, the antibacterial amidoxime-group seawater-extracted uranium absorbent has the advantage that the adsorption of uranium ions by the obtained material is increased by about 25%.

The invention provides a phase change memory unit and a method for manufacturing the phase change memory unit. A memory medium layer of the phase change memory unit is a superlattice thin film structure which is composed of an Sb[x]Te[1-x] layer and a Ti[y]Te[1-y] layer, and then a stable layered (Sb[x]Te[1-x])-(Ti[y]Te[1-y]) phase change material is obtained, wherein 0.4<=x<=0.8, 0.33<=y<=0.56, the thickness of the Sb[x]Te[1-x] layer is between 1 nm and 10 nm, and the thickness of the Ti[y]Te[1-y] layer is between 1 nm and 10 nm. The phase-change mechanism of the superlattice (Sb[x]Te[1-x])-(Ti[y]Te[1-y]) phase change material manufactured with the method is completely different from that of a traditional Ge-Sb-Te phase change material, and thus an obtained phase change memory device has the advantages of being lower in power consumption, higher in phase change speed, higher in retentivity, longer in service life and the like.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a cathode material Li4Ti5O12 of a high-performance lithium ion battery. The method comprises the following steps of: adopting the combined method of sol-gel and microwave treatment to prepare micro powder of nano-class Li4Ti5O12, and simultaneously modifying Li4Ti5O12 by carbon doping and metallic doping. The method utilizes the sol-gel method to effectively control chemical composition, phase composition and powder size of the Li4Ti5O12, thereby improving the uniformity and the electric conductivity of the Li4Ti5O12; simultaneously by utilizing the characteristics of the microwave technique of quick temperature rise, even heating and conglobation resistance, the high-power industrial microwave oven is used for treatment, so that the treatment time of the Li4Ti5O12 is greatly shortened, the yield is greatly improved, and the cost and the energy consumption of the material are reduced, the process is simplified, the efficiency on the industrialized production of the lithium ion battery is improved, and the industrialized application is easily achieved; and by doping carbon and metallic elements, the electric conductivity of lithium iron phosphate is greatly improved, and the charging and discharging capacities and the cycle index of the lithium iron phosphate are simultaneously and effectively increased.

A process for preparing taurine includes preparing the mixture containing taurine from ethanolamine by cyclc method, separating out inorganic salt by feedback type elecric dialysis with ion membrane, crystallizing taurine in solution, and using the residual mother liquid for next reduction reaction. Its advantages are high output rate and high current efficiency.

The invention discloses a band gap adjustable type phononic crystal vibration isolator based on shape memory alloy and relates to a vibration isolator. The band gap adjustable type phononic crystal vibration isolator based on shape memory alloy aims to solve the problems of existing one-dimensional phononic crystal vibration isolators that the periodicity of period materials is low, vibration isolating effect is poor, working space is limited, the band gap can not be adjusted, and the vibration isolation frequency range is narrow. The band gap adjustable type phononic crystal vibration isolator comprises a vibration input support, lateral skin, upper skin, lower skin, a secondary vibration isolation upper support, a vibration output support, a primary vibration isolation lower support, three primary vibration isolation phononic crystal support pillars, three secondary vibration isolation phononic crystal support pillars, three trinary vibration isolation phononic crystal support pillars, three sets of primary vibration isolation shape memory alloy compression driving components, three sets of secondary vibration isolation shape memory alloy compression driving components, three sets of trinary vibration isolation shape memory alloy compression driving components, three sets of primary vibration isolation phononic crystal components, three sets of seconday vibration isolation phononic crystal components and three sets of trinary vibration isolation phononic crystal components. The band gap adjustable type phononic crystal vibration isolator is used for vibration isolation and noise reduction.

The invention discloses a creel device of a yarn dyeing machine with an ultra-low bath ratio, which comprises a sand table, a suspender and a yarn rod, wherein the upper surface of the sand table is in a disk shape; the lower end of the sand table is in a cavity structure; the yarn rod is in a hollow barrel structure; a water drum is arranged in the barrel of the yarn rod and is in a hollow or solid columnar structure; the center line of the yarn rod and the center line of the water drum are same; the ratio of the hollow internal diameter of the yarn rod and the external diameter of the waterdrum is 10:7-9; and the barrel of the yarn rod is evenly provided with a plurality of water outlets along the circumference of horizontal cross sections of different heights. The hollow barrel of theyarn rod disclosed by the invention is provided with the water drum, which is favorable for reducing the volume of dye liquor in the yarn rod and for reducing a water bath ratio; under the same main pump power, the water drum is favorable for improving the practical lift of a pipeline relatively, the flow rate of the dye liquor in the yarn rod is improved, the levelling property of cheeses of upper layers and lower layers can be better guaranteed, and the one-time success rate for dyeing is improved; and from the bottom to the top, the water outlets on the barrel of the yarn rod at the outer side of the water drum are thicker at the higher place of the yarn rod, which is favorable for realizing the purpose of even dye transfer.

This invention discloses an anti-ferroelectric ceramic capacitor material and its preparation technology, which applies Sn of positive four valency to replace Zr of positive 4 valency, applies the positive 3 valency La to replace 2 valency Pb in the compound of Pb(Zr, Ti) O3 to form a multi-component solid solution with Pb vacancy. The balanced formula of the charge and the valency is: (Pb1-3 2 / 2Laz)[(Zri-ysny)1-Tix]O3, in which, x varies between 0.06`0.20, y: 0.2010.40, z varies between 0.02-0.08, or positive 2 valency Sr or Ba is added to replace 2 valency Pb in Pb(zr, Ti) O3, the formula is [(Pb1-wBw)1-3z / 2Laz][Zr1-ySny]1-xTix ]O3, B expresses Sr or Ba of 2 valency, w varies between 0.02-0.12. A conventional electronic ceramic preparation method is applied in the method.

The invention discloses an ultralow liquor ratio zipper dyeing machine and dyeing process thereof. The dyeing machine comprises a tube cylinder, a cylinder cover and a zipper warp beam plate frame embedded into the tube cylinder. The zipper warp beam plate frame comprises a zipper plate seat, a hollow water drum, a zipper woven belt, a zipper tube sleeve, a locking bolt, and a zipper frame lifting ring. The lower end of the hollow water drum is fastened on the zipper plate seat, the zipper tube sleeve is sleeved on the outer side of the hollow water drum, and a diversion inlet and a diversion outlet are arranged below the zipper plate seat and connected with an infusion pump through a horn-shaped pipe sleeve. The dyeing process comprises the stages of scouring and bleaching, dyeing and water scrubbing. According to the ultralow liquor ratio zipper dyeing machine and the dyeing process thereof, a lift range required by zipper woven belt dyeing water level can be achieved when the height of dye liquor in the dyeing machine is lower than the zipper plate seat, the effect of ultralow liquor ratio zipper dyeing is achieved, the dyeing machine has a lower dying liquor ratio than a traditional zipper dying machine, and the purposes of saving electric energy, steam and the dye liquor, shortening dyeing and finishing periods, and saving energy and reducing emission are achieved.

The invention relates to a high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method is characterized by comprising the steps of evenly stirring aluminum and silicon alloy powder and a surface active agent; under water bath and stirring condition, adding an aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution at a constant speed; stirring to obtain mixed slurry; under water bath and stirring condition, adding anhydrous organic alcohol into the mixed slurry; continuing stirring, standing and filtering to obtain precipitate. Washing the precipitate until the pH value is neutral, drying to constant weight, and obtaining a high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule green body. Thermally insulating the high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule green body for 2 to 8h under condition of oxidizing atmosphere and 600 to 1300 DEG C to obtain the high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule of a compound shell layer or thermally insulating the high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule green body for 2 to 8h under the condition of oxidizing atmosphere and 1300 to 1500 DEG C to obtain the high-temperature phase-change heat storage microcapsule of an aluminum oxide shell layer. The preparation method disclosed by the invention has low raw material cost, simple preparation technology and easiness in achieving industrial production. The prepared product has high heat utilization rate and utilization efficiency and high utilization temperature.

Methods for reducing clicking of ultrasonic air-coupled transducers in which a mechanical filter that attenuates audible frequencies relative to ultrasonic frequencies is placed in the path of the ultrasonic waves as the travel from the transducer to a target such as an object in the vehicle compartment.

The present invention provides a method for encapsulating a secondary battery. The method first impregnates a fiber fabric with a resin composition, and then a first heating process is performed to form an adhesive sheet. A jelly-roll of a battery is encapsulated with the adhesive sheet, and then a second heating process is performed to cure the adhesive sheet completely. The first heating process initiates a preliminary reaction to transform the resin composition into a B state to form an adhesive sheet, and the adhesive sheet in the B state is convenient to be further processed or stored. Since the adhesive sheet in the B state possesses a property capable of further curing, the adhesive sheet can be processed into any shape when a further curing process is performed. Therefore, the battery can be easily manufactured with a curved, wound or any arbitrary shape, and the thickness of the battery will not be increased obviously. As a result, the present invention really achieves the object to make the battery light, slim, short and small. Additionally, the present invention also provides a new secondary battery encapsulated with fiber reinforced plastic.

A method and a molding tool for producing containers from a thermoplastic plastic film. The method and tool permit the production of containers having a hollow floor and a double-walled standing base, with a seal between the two walls of the standing base. The method permits the production of such a container in large piece numbers, and with a high quality, and allows it to be transferred reliably into a stacking device. The components of the molding tool are subjected to low wear, and the molding tool is unsusceptible to contamination. These features are attained by a constant contact between the mold floor and the container floor between the shaping and stacking processes, and by the creation of a space between the inside wall of the standing base and the outside wall of the mold floor prior to the ejection of the container, the space also permitting the unmolding of a standing base that has a more pronounced undercut or a slightly conical shape.

The invention provides a microfluid extraction method for extracting and separating In, Fe and Zn. The microfluid extraction method comprises the steps of: using a sulfuric acid system solution containing indium, ferrum and zinc as a water phase and a P204 extracting agent diluted through solvent oil as an organic phase, which are respectively fed into two flow pumps, wherein the outlet end of the flow pump is connected with an inlet of a microreactor; simultaneously, observing a two-phase laminar flow phase interface formed inside a microchannel through an optical microscope, so that two phases flow in parallel and then begins to be separated when reaching a Y-type fork at the outlet of the microchannel, and the two phases flow out of the microreactor from outlets of the two phases; respectively collecting the two phases; and extracting indium to enter the organic phase and leaving ferrum and zinc in the water phase, so that the separation of indium, ferrum and zinc is realized. The extraction rate of In can be up to more than 90%, but ions of Fe and Zn are not extracted completely; moreover, no emulsion appears; and reaction time is greatly shortened, the using amount and consumption of the extracting agent can be reduced, the condition controllability is high, the safety is high, and extracted organic solvent is prevented from being exposed in the air.

The invention relates to a numerical control high-effective deep hole gun drill, comprising a lathe body, a power distribution / control system, a main spindle box, a feeder, a cutter arranged in the feeder, a chip collection unit, a front-end drive stepping motor and a rear-end drive stepping motor, wherein the main spindle box, the chip collection unit and the feeder are mounted on the lathe body, the front-end drive stepping motor and the rear-end drive stepping motor are controlled by the power distribution / control system, the feeder is driven by the rear-end drive stepping motor, a sealing device is mounted outside the chip collection unit, the chip collection unit is driven by the front-end drive stepping motor through a rack, the front-end drive stepping motor and the rack are mounted on the front end of the lathe body, a three-jaw chuck used for clamping workpieces is arranged on the main spindle box, a magnetic grid filter unit is arranged below the lathe body, the inlet of the magnetic grid filter unit is connected with the outlet of the chip collection unit, the feeder is provided with an overload protective device, and the overload protective device is electrically connected with the power distribution / control system. The invention meets the deep hole processing demand in the machinofacture and other manufacturing industries.

The invention relates to a method for preparing LiMn2O4 lithium ion battery cathode material, belonging to the lithium ion battery material field. The method includes the following steps: lithium source compound and manganese source compound are respectively weighed by the proportion of 1:1.7-2.0, the lithium source compound and manganese source compound are added into a blender mixer and homogeneous mixing is carried out, then a given amount of purified water is added and stirring is carried out, thus obtaining paste precursor, the paste precursor is placed into an industrial microwave oven, heat treatment is carried out for 20-55min under the conditions that heating rate is 2-10 DEG C / min and temperature is 600-750 DEG C, and then cooling to room temperature is carried out. The method also can prepare carbon coated metal doped LiMn2O4 lithium ion battery cathode material. The invention has available raw materials, preparation process is simple and is easy to control, energy consumption is low, cost is low, product purity is high, quality is stable, electrochemical properties are good, and the method can be widely applied to industrialized production.

The invention discloses an ecosystem model and biomanipulation technology based eutrophic water body remediation method. Firstly, an ECOPATH model is used to fit the energy flowing mode of the currentecosystem, when the annual production of phytoplankton or aquatic macrophyte in a water body is too high, the minimum primary production requiring for maintaining the operation of the system is takenas the baseline according to the output result of the model, the consumption of the extra primary production in the system is increased through the predation action of fish by using a method of quantitatively adding a fish consumer, and meanwhile, the top-down effect is produced to control the biomass and the community structure of a primary producer. After finishing remediation, the ECOPATH model is used to access the fish catch, the commercial fish species added in the same year are harvested according to the assessment result, so that the balance of energy of the ecosystem is maintained, the fishing catch directly takes away a large quantity of nutritive salts in the water body, and certain economic value is produced. The novel thinking for reference and the technical support are provided for the remediation method taking the scientific experiment as the method from the perspectives of ecology, quantity and energetics, and the method has a very important application value for the ecological remediation of the damaged water body.

The present invention is made to provide a rotation angle detecting sensor capable of being miniaturized.The rotation angle detecting sensor includes a rotating body; an encoder structure 3 having n (n represents a positive integer) cycles of phases each ranging from phase 0° to phase 360°, each phase being formed by periodically changing the width of the conductor pattern; and a sensor body having a plurality of inductance elements C1, C2, C3, C4 and disposed opposing the encoder structure 3 with a space. The cycle number n of the phase of the encoder structure 3 is a positive integer equal to or greater than three, the plurality of inductance elements C1, C2, C3, C4 have a phase difference of 90 degrees therebetween, and the two adjacent inductance elements are disposed apart from each other by a space of at least half a phase of the encoder structure 3.