72results about How to "Good anti-fatigue properties" patented technology

The invention relates to a wearable flexible stress sensor and a preparation method and application thereof. Firstly, functional ink suitable for screen printing is prepared, and is printed on a wearable substrate through a screen printing method, and the stress sensor of a desired specification is produced. The stress sensor is used for monitoring physical deformation of stretching, bending, touching and the like from small ranges to large ranges, and has multiple application in the electronic skin fields and the biomedical application fields of human skins, expressions, pulses, heartbeats and the like, the human-computer interaction fields and the fields of virtual reality, entertainment technology and the like. The flexible stress sensor of the invention has the following advantages that the sensor has excellent stretching elasticity, and stretching strain can reach 100%; sensitivity is extremely high, and a sensitivity parameter (Gauge Factor) can be up to 8000 or more; linear relationships of working curves are excellent, stretching repeatability is good, and a stretching cycle lag is small; and a preparation process is simple, costs are low, massive integrated-device preparation is suitable, and application prospects are wide.

The invention discloses a stress sensor with a self-repairing ability and a preparation method thereof. according to the preparation method, a one-dimensional metal nanowire, a two-dimensional inorganic nanosheet, hydrogel functional polymers, an additive and the like are compounded to prepare a nanocomposite colloidal printing ink with rheological characteristics, and the colloidal printing ink is printed on a wearable substrate through screen printing to prepare the repairable stress sensor having a shell-like bionic structure, wherein the one-dimensional metal nanowire provides a conductivenetwork structure for reducing resistance of the sensor; the two-dimensional inorganic nanosheet forms a layered strcture for improving sensitivity of the sensor; and a reversible dynamic cross-linking point is formed among the repairable hydrogel functional polymers, the two-dimensional inorganic nanosheet and the additive, so that the device has repairable performance. The prepared stress sensor has the advantages of large operating strain range, high sensitivity, repairable property after overload damage and the like, and has great application prospects in the fields of artificial electronic skin and biomimetic robots.

This invention relates to a BFO / BXT laminated capacitor and its preparing method, in which, the capacitor includes: a substrate made of silicon and orderly combined with an oxidation layer, a lower electrode metal layer, a BFO film and an upper metal layer, in which, a BXT induction film is set between the lower electrode metal layer and the BFO film. The method includes: preparation of sol of RFO and BXT precursors and preparation of the capacitor of its laminated structure and the ferroelectric capacitor prepared with this method includes excellent property of anti-fatigue, high residual polarized intensity, low operational voltage and better dielectric property.

The chemical formula Bi4-xNdxTi3O12 relates to the 20-500nm Nd-doped bismuth titanate ferro-electricity thin film, wherein, x denotes the mole percent of Nd in total mole number of Nd and Bi, while the surplus content of Bi element takes up of 5-20% as the total mole number of Bi, Nd and Ti. The preparation method comprises preparing predecessor sol and preparing the thin film, respectively. This product has super anti-fatigue property, high Pr value, lower Vc value, and compatible with CMOS technology.

The invention provides a non-sticking thermal plasticity composite material flexible pipe and a preparation process thereof. A liner skeleton layer and an outer protecting layer are arranged at an innermost layer and an outermost layer of the flexible pipe. At least one tension resisting layer and at least one compression resisting layer are arranged between the liner skeleton layer and the outer protecting layer. An abrasion resisting layer is arranged between every two arbitrary layers of the liner skeleton layer, the tension resisting layers, the compression resisting layers and the outer protecting layer. The liner skeleton layer is formed by winding, heating melting and press fit bonding of composite material belts with different fiber contents, wherein the winding angle of the composite material belts and the core mould axis is larger than or equal to 70 degrees and smaller than 90 degrees. The fiber content of the liner skeleton layer is decreased gradually from inside to outside, the winding layer number of each kind of the composite material belts is even, and the winding directions between every two adjacent layers are opposite. The non-sticking thermal plasticity composite material flexible pipe and the preparation process thereof have the beneficial effect of having the remarkable advantages that the flexibility and strength of a common steel flexible pipe are achieved, better corrosion resistance and the excellent fatigue resisting characteristic are achieved, the mass is light, and the cost performance is high.

The invention provides an ultra-flexible indoor accompanying photoelectric composite cable, and the cable comprises a plurality of power transmission components, optical fiber transmission components and structural strengthening components, which are covered by a highly flame-retardant outer protective layer. The power transmission component comprises a cable core which is a soft conductor and an insulating material layer wrapped around the cable core. The optical fiber transmission component is a tight tube optical fiber, and the power transmission components and the optical fiber transmission components are arranged in parallel inside the highly flame-retardant outer protective layer. The composite cable of the invention has very strong pressure resistance, stress resistance, and reciprocating resistance, good electrical and physical properties and more excellent environment resistant performance. Furthermore, the composite cable can simplify construction procedures, improve working efficiency and reduce construction cost.

The invention discloses a diaphragm of a sounding device and the sounding device. The diaphragm comprises at least one layer of an elastomer layer; the elastomer layer is made of a EPDM rubber; the EPDM rubber is formed by polymerization of three monomers, wherein the three monomers include an ethylene monomer, a propylene monomer and a non-conjugated diene monomer, the mass ratio of the ethylene monomer to the propylene monomer ranges from 0.25 to 4, and the content of the non-conjugated diene monomer is 1%-15% of the total content of the ethylene monomer and the propylene monomer. The EPDM rubber has good high temperature resistance and thermo-oxidative aging resistance; after the EPDM rubber is made into the diaphragm, the diaphragm can work in a high temperature environment for a long time, not only can maintain excellent elasticity, but also has excellent fatigue resistance, and thus has excellent reliability.

The invention discloses a preparing method of foaming pad, which comprises the following steps: allocating fitful PVC powder, DOP plastic agent, light-weight calcium carbonate, kaolin, foamer and pigment, casting in the composite device to form liquid slurry, transmitting in the middle material barrel, stewing at normal temperature for 8h, prefoaming, coating the transmitting belt to form slurry layer, stewing the slurry layer at 80-90 deg.c for 3-10min, heating at 185-200 deg.c for 20-30 min, foaming entire foam pad, cooling, punching, moulding the outline shape and distinctive line of surface, cutting, obtaining foaming pad product.

The invention relates to a base course construction technology used when a freeway asphalt road surface is conserved and maintained, and in particular relates to a cold regeneration device for foamed asphalt and a base course construction process. The cold regeneration device for foamed asphalt is characterized by comprising a high-temperature shower nozzle, a hot asphalt pipeline and hot asphalt, wherein the hot asphalt enters another end from one end of the hot asphalt pipeline; the lower end in the middle of the hot asphalt pipeline is vertically connected with a foamed asphalt outlet pipeline, and the upper end in the middle of the hot asphalt pipeline is vertically connected with the high-temperature shower nozzle; one side of the upper end of the foamed asphalt outlet pipeline is provided with a water inlet, and the other end of the upper end of the foamed asphalt outlet pipeline is provided with a wind inlet; the water inlet is connected with an environmental water source, and the wind inlet is connected with a hot wind source; and high-temperature steam generated by the high-temperature shower nozzle acts on the asphalt in the hot asphalt pipeline. The cold regeneration base course construction process for the foamed asphalt is divided into four steps: preparing construction; implementing the engineering; checking and verifying the engineering; and putting into operation. The cold regeneration device for foamed asphalt and base course construction process provided by the invention have the advantages of small temperature control range and easily-controlled foaming effect, and are easy in operation.

The invention designs a single-tube single-capacitor type (1T1C) ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) storing array based on a reading self-reference phase inverter without a reference unit, belonging to the technical field of design and manufacture of integrated circuits. A ferroelectric reference unit in the traditional 1T1C structure FeRAM is removed, and the reading operation is finished by utilizing a self-reference inverting circuit. The FeRAM designed on the basis of the method has favorable fatigue resistant characteristics. In addition, because the ferroelectric reference unit for generating a reference signal is not needed, and a relevant timing sequence control circuit generated by the reference signal can be omitted, the difficulty and the complexity of design are reduced, and the power consumption is lowered.

The invention discloses an anti-corrosion technology for coating epoxy ceramic on a cast iron pipe fitting, which belongs to the technical field of corrosion of inside and outside of the pipe fitting. The anti-corrosion technology adopts the following steps: A) carrying out shot peening treatment of the pipe fitting to obtain the pipe fitting which is not rusted and oxidized on inner and outer surfaces; B) drying the pipe fitting processed in the step A in an oven at 80-120 DEG C, and C) coating the pipe fitting obtained in the step B for three times to obtain the product. The anti-corrosion technology disclosed by the invention has the advantages of abrasive resistance, small friction coefficient, uniform compactness, firm cohesiveness, resistance to chemical corrosion medium, high electrical insulating property and cathode protection, and meanwhile, the coating has the advantages of being clean and sanitary without a secondary pollution, environment-friendly and energy-saving, and wide in application.

The invention provides a quantum conductance characteristic-controllable nanocontact. A sandwich structure is formed by a bottom electrode / metallic oxide / a top electrode. The bottom electrode is a conductive material with an oxygen storage function and the top electrode is an inert conductive material. In a working state, a forward voltage is applied between the electrodes, oxygen ions in the metallic oxide migrate and are stored in the bottom electrode to form an oxygen vacancy conductive wire; then a backward voltage is applied and the oxygen ions stored in the bottom electrode return to theoxygen vacancy conductive wire, so that the size of the oxygen vacancy conductive wire is reduced to form a nanocontact. The quantum conductance value of the nanocontact can be controlled by controlling the magnitude of backward voltage, and in particular, by increasing the backward voltage gradually, a nanocontact structure with the conductance value reducing continually at an interval of 0.5 G0can be built, so that the nanocontact structure can be applied to the field of multi-value storage, multi-value logic and neuron simulation.

The invention discloses a lift cylinder support for an electric drive mining dump truck. The lift cylinder support comprises two lifting bases which are formed in a casting mode. An inner cavity is formed in one end of each lifting base, and the other end of each lifting base is a circular ring end capable of being welded to a steel pipe. A boss is machined in each inner cavity. Through and coaxial pin shaft holes are machined in the side wall of each inner cavity and the corresponding boss. Pin shafts penetrate into the pin shaft holes of each lifting base and a bearing in the cylinder head of a lift cylinder in the corresponding inner cavity, and thus two lift cylinders are correspondingly connected with the two lifting bases. The outer wall of each inner cavity is welded to a threaded base. One end of the outside of each pin shaft is provided with a baffle, and each baffle is provided with a U-shaped opening capable of being buckled on the corresponding threaded base. The left lifting base and the right lifting base are each subject to monoblock casting and are in arc smooth transition, so that structure mutation and stress concentration are prevented, and the anti-fatigue characteristic of a frame is improved. The left lifting base and the right lifting base are connected through the steel pipe, and thus the stress condition is improved. Moreover, the left lifting base and the right lifting base form an enclosed structure together with a frame lengthwise beam, and hence the torsional performance of the entire frame is improved. The cylinders and the pin shafts can be mounted and dismounted more conveniently.

The invention discloses a foamed asphalt foaming device, belonging to the technical field of road construction equipment. The foaming device is structurally composed of an asphalt pipe, an asphalt spraying switch, a foaming cavity, a water atomization nozzle and a compressed air nozzle, wherein the asphalt spraying switch is driven by an air cylinder, the tail part of a piston rod of the air cylinder is of a needle-like structure, is matched with an asphalt spraying inlet, and has a self-cleaning effect; the center of an asphalt pore plate at the upper end of the foaming cavity is provided with the asphalt spraying inlet, the center of a bearing plate at the lower end of the foaming cavity is provided with an asphalt spraying outlet which is designed in a porous mode, and the asphalt pore plate and the bearing plate can be replaced so as to adjust the spraying pressure and flow rate of asphalt. The device is applicable to the forming of various types of asphalt, and has a self-cleaning effect to eliminate jams; due to the porous design of the asphalt spraying outlet, the half-life period and expansion rate of foamed asphalt are increased, and the quality of asphalt foaming is improved. The device is suitable for industrial production and experimental investigations and has the characteristics of flexibility, simplicity in manufacturing, high practicability, low cost, and the like.

The invention discloses a device for releasing a falling body prism of an absolute gravimeter, comprising a vacuum cabin, a lower bracket plate, a linear motor, an upper bracket plate, a latch chamber, an electromagnet, a spring, a steel ball, a hanging nail, the falling body prism, a guide rod, a buffer spring, a support vehicle and a perspective window mirror, wherein the electromagnet and the spring are contained in the latch chamber; the steel ball is arranged at the inner bottom of the latch chamber; the bottom of the latch chamber is a concave slope and an opening is arranged in the middle of the bottom of the latch chamber; the spring is clamped between the electromagnet and the steel ball; and the steel ball is in contact with the bottom of the latch chamber. The latch chamber, the spring, the steel ball and the electromagnets are used as clamps so as to play roles of clamping and releasing the falling body prism of the gravimeter; and the device is good in anti-fatigue characteristic, stable and rapid in releasing, durable, free of great interference of mechanical movement in the falling process of the falling body prism and beneficial to the high-precision gravity measurement.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a Bi3TiNbO9-Bi4Ti3O12 natural superlattice ferroelectric film on an Si substrate. A sol-gel technique is adopted to directly form a natural superlattice structure; in order to overcome the defect that Bi2O3 is volatile at high temperature, a composition formula of moderately excessive Bi is adopted on the basis of the nominal composition of the Bi3TiNbO9-Bi4Ti3O12; multiple spin coating and layer-by-layer annealing are adopted; and film-forming annealing is carried out in an oxygen atmosphere. The method is simple and can satisfy the requirements for the silicon planar technique; and the prepared Bi3TiNbO9-Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric film has a superlattice structure, and has the advantages of outstanding ferroelectric properties, excellent antifatigue characteristic and favorable comprehensive properties.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a ferroferric oxide and lanthanum-doped bismuth titanate composite magnetoelectric film, which is characterized in that a ferroelectric lanthanum-doped bismuth titanate film and a ferromagnetic ferroferric oxide film are effectively synthesized, thus preparing the multiferroic magnetoelectric composite film material. The preparation method comprises the following specific steps: 1, preparing Fe2O3 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) target materials; and 2, using a pulse laser sputtering deposition system to prepare the Fe3O4 / BLT multiferroic magnetoelectric composite film on a Pt / Ti / SiO2 / Si substrate. The Fe3O4 / BLT multiferroic magnetoelectric composite film material fills up the blank of compounding Fe3O4 and BLT into the multiferroic magnetoelectric composite material and widens the research range of the magnetoelectric composite film material.

Provided are: a thick steel sheet that has superior fatigue resistance properties in the direction of sheet thickness and that is favorable for welded steel structures such as pressure vessels; a method for producing the thick steel sheet; and a fillet welded joint using the thick steel sheet. Specifically, the thick steel sheet has a composition that, in a range from one or both of the rolled surfaces of the steel sheet to 4 mm in the direction of sheet thickness, has a compressive residual stress perpendicular to the direction of steel thickness of at least 100 MPa and preferably contains, by mass, 0.03-0.15% of C, no greater than 1.0% of Si, and 1.0-2.0% of Mn; 0.005-0.05% of Ti and / or 0.001-0.05% of Nb; and one or at least two of Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W, Zr, Ca, B, and no greater than 0.1% of Al.

The invention discloses an organic electrode resistive random access memory. A PCBM organic electrode dielectric layer, a Zr<0.5>Hf<0.5>O<2> resistive conversion layer and an Ag electrode layer are formed on a substrate in turn. A preparation method of the resistive random access memory is also disclosed, comprising the following steps: cleaning and drying a substrate; spin-coating the substrate with PCBM solution and vacuum-drying the PCBM solution to form a PCBM organic electrode dielectric layer; growing a Zr<0.5>Hf<0.5>O<2> resistive conversion layer on the PCBM organic electrode dielectric layer through magnetron sputtering; and growing an Ag electrode layer on the Zr<0.5>Hf<0.5>O<2> resistive conversion layer. As a PCBM film is used as the organic electrode dielectric layer of the resistive random access memory, the resistive random access memory is different from a traditional memory prepared from oxide in that the resistive random access memory has a unique structure and good performance. Thus, the resistive random access memory has more stable storage performance, strong durability, and a wider application prospect.

The invention relates to a wind power generator blade material which mainly comprises the following raw materials: 68-70 parts by weight of nylon 6 and 29-31 parts by weight of carbon fiber. The carbon fiber is about 30 percent smaller than a glass fiber in density and 40 percent larger than the glass fiber in strength, particularly the carbon fiber is 3 to 8 times higher than the glass fiber in modulus; and a prepared blade is more than double of the rigidity of a glass fiber composite material blade.

The invention relates to a frustule asphalt modifier, a frustules asphalt modifier modified composite asphalt, and a preparation method of the frustules asphalt modifier. The frustules asphalt modifier is prepared from, by weight, 5 to 20 parts of frustule, 10 to 25 parts of waste rubber powder, 0 to 5 parts of petroleum resin or low grade asphalt, and 0 to 3 parts of a stabilizing agent. The invention also discloses a frustules composite modified asphalt, and a preparation method thereof. The frustule asphalt modifier is capable of improving the high temperature performance, the low temperature performance, the fatigue resistance, and the water stability of asphalt mixtures; the obtained frustules composite modified asphalt possesses excellent heat storage stability, and low temperature crack resistance, and is capable of prolonging the service life of road. A part of expensive SBS is replaced by cheap frustule, compared with the pavement performance of modified asphalt prepared via using of only SBS, the pavement performance is improved, and modified asphalt cost is reduced.

The invention discloses a full-transparent resistive random access memory and application of barium stannate on the aspect of using the barium stannate as a transparent material with the stable resistance changing characteristic and belongs to the technical field of a semiconductor nonvolatile memory. According to the invention, the resistive material is a large energy gap semiconductor transparent oxide barium stannate (BaSnO3) thin film; the resistive random access memory consists of a lower electrode, a resistive storage layer arranged on the lower electrode and an upper electrode deposited on the resistive storage layer; the upper electrode and the lower electrode are an indium tin oxid transparent conductive thin film and a fluorine-doped indium oxide transparent conductive thin film; and the resistive storage layer is a barium stannate (BaSnO3) thin film. The transparent organic resistive random access memory provided by the invention has the advantages of good light transmission, high storage density, high stability and the like and has wide application prospect.

The invention provides an HYB-copper-based inlaid solid lubricating bearing, and relates to the field of bearings. The HYB-650 copper-based inlaid solid lubricating bearing and a manufacturing processthereof comprise a bearing substrate, lace embedded holes and a corrugated solid lubricating column. The bearing substrate comprises a copper-base layer and a sintered layer. The lace embedded holespenetrate through the inner and outer diameters of the bearing substrate. A plurality of lace embedded holes are distributed criss-crossed on the bearing substrate. The HYB-650 copper-based inlaid solid lubricating bearing and the manufacturing process thereof, through special and unique creation of basic mechanism of the solid lubricating bearing, under the premise of not affecting the integrityof the bearing, greatly improves the problem of poor durability of a lubricating oil film of the solid lubrication bearing, and reserves a lubricating strip film which can be used directly for the oilfilm, thereby effectively solves the problem of poor continuous replenishment of a solid lubricant of a general copper-based inlaid solid lubricating bearing, and the problem of the lubrication effect being in a diminishing state when the solid lubricant is not completely consumed.

The invention provides a hydraulic aeroelastic variable pitch system based on fully-distributed type optical fiber sensing differential pressure feedback and a control method. The wind turbine blade aeroelastic stability is improved, and accordingly the fluttering fracture failure phenomenon possibly happening is restrained. The hydraulic aeroelastic variable pitch system comprises a wind turbine,a signal obtaining system, a variable pitch control system and a hydraulic executing system. An optical fiber differential pressure sensor is arranged in each wind turbine blade for measuring the displacement differential pressure of the wind turbine blade. The signal obtaining system is arranged in a hub and used for receiving displacement differential pressure signals and conducting encoding treatment. The variable pitch control system and the hydraulic executing system are arranged in a cabin, the variable pitch control system comprises a PAC variable pitch controller used for judging theprocessed signals, RBF neural network control is conducted according to a judgment result, a corresponding control result instruction is sent to the hydraulic executing system, and the hydraulic executing system conducts variable pitch control on the wind turbine blades.

The invention discloses an expansion joint sealing material for a waterproof layer of a ballastless railway track subgrade surface. The expansion joint sealing material comprises raw materials as follows: epoxy resin, butyl cellosolve, n-butyl alcohol, methylacrylic acid, toluene diisocyanate, polyether diols, polyether triols, polyphenyl polyisocyanate, polydimethylsilane, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, dibutyltin dilaurate, tin maleate, modified packing and a tackifier. The expansion joint sealing material has good soaking stability, chemical stability, fatigue resistance and temperature stability, and can keep stable performance and good sealing effect in severe environments such as high temperature in summer, low temperature in winter, ozone and the like; the expansion joint sealing material has good adhesion and engagement effects with an expansion joint base material and has good displacement deformation resistance and anti-strip strength.

The invention discloses a releasing device of a falling prism of a free falling gravimeter, relating to a gravity measuring apparatus. The apparatus is composed of a vacuum cabin (1), a lower bracket plate (2), a linear motor (3), a cantilever (4), an upper bracket plate (5), a recessed spherical surface groove (6), a ball (7), a through hole (8), a hanging rod (9), a falling prism (10), a guide rod (11) and a perspective window mirror (12). An upper surface of the cantilever has the recessed spherical surface groove; the central bottom of the recessed spherical surface groove has the throughhole; the hanging rod traverses the through hole; an upper end of the hanging rod is connected with the ball; the falling prism is hung at a lower end of the hanging rod; the ball can freely move in the recessed spherical surface groove; and the falling prism is slideably connected with the guide rod. The releasing device of the falling prism, employing the recessed spherical surface groove and the ball for releasing in a hanging manner, has good antifatigue characteristic, and is durable in use. Further, the releasing device of the falling prism has good vertical characteristic when the falling prism is released, so as to be beneficial for high precision gravity measuring.

The invention discloses an etching solution for performing wet etching on a lanthanum nickelate film and a ferroelectric film / lanthanum nickelate composite film. The etching solution is prepared from hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and purified water, wherein a volume ratio of the purified water to hydrogen peroxide to nitric acid to hydrofluoric acid is 1:2-3:0.5-1.0:0.06-0.12. The method for preparing the etching solution comprises the following steps of: uniformly mixing metered purified water and hydrogen peroxide under normal temperature and normal pressure according to the formula, adding metered nitric acid, uniformly mixing, continuously adding metered hydrofluoric acid and uniformly mixing. According to the etching solution, the LNO film or LNO composite film on the surface of SiO2 and / or Pt can be cleanly and completely removed at a time, and an etching picture which is clear in edge and low in lateral erosion ratio is obtained.

The invention relates to the technical field of indoor decoration, and provides a mounting structure of ground decorative plates. The mounting structure comprises the decorative plates, supporting plates arranged below the decorative plates, and supporting frames arranged below the supporting plates. The supporting plates can be spliced to form a honeycomb shape. Each supporting frame is two intersecting arches. The supporting plates are used for enhancing supporting structures between the decorative plates and the supporting frames, the honeycomb-shaped structure can achieve good structural stability with less materials, the high strength-weight ratio and rigidity-weight ratio are achieved, labor saving and convenience are achieved during mounting and transporting, force can be evenly dispersed and buffered under the pressure effect, and meanwhile a good anti-fatigue character is achieved. Arch structures are adopted as the supporting frames, force applied to the decorative plates canbe effectively dispersed along the arches and transmitted to the ground and the periphery, thus, larger force can be borne, meanwhile, a certain buffer effect is achieved, and the overall structuralstability is enhanced.

The invention discloses a CoPtx nano composite structure electromagnetic memory device. The electromagnetic memory device is of a lamination structure, and the lamination is composed of a silicon chip, a lower electrode, a CoPtx magnetic nano crystal layer, a thin oxide film resistive random layer and an upper electrode sequentially from bottom to top. The memory has an excellent resistive random memory function and a magnetic recording characteristic, and can realize a high-density multimode electromagnetic memory function. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the CoPtx nano composite structure electromagnetic memory device, and the method is based on a preparation technique of an atomic layer deposited multifunctional high-density electromagnetic memory device, is well compatible with a microelectronic process, provides feasibility for future industrialization and large-scale application, can guarantee the uniformity, conformality and controllability of the memory device structure, is compatible with the mature semiconductor process, and is convenient for realizing integration of a high-density multifunctional electromagnetic memory device with a microelectronic device and realizing large-scale industrialized application.