196 results about "Hydreliox" patented technology

A method for removing trace moisture from a gas is disclosed. The method involves heating a zeolite having a high silica-to-alumina ratio to about 400 DEG C. to remove physically absorbed water from the zeolite, followed by heating the zeolite to a temperature in excess of 650 DEG C., to form a superheated zeolite. Heating to temperatures of 650 DEG C. or above is believed to cause dehydroxylation of the zeolite. A method for the preparation of a dehydroxylated zeolite is also disclosed. The superheated zeolite is contacted with the gas, thereby adsorbing water from the gas. A dehydroxylated zeolite for removing trace moisture from a gas wherein the zeolite has a high silica-to-alumina ratio and a low level of metallic impurities is also disclosed. The zeolite and methods of the invention are particularly useful for removing trace water from acid gases such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide.

A method for removing trace moisture from a gas is disclosed. The method involves heating a zeolite having a high silica-to-alumina ratio to about 400° C. to remove physically adsorbed water from the zeolite, followed by heating the zeolite to a temperature in excess of 650° C., to form a superheated zeolite. The superheated zeolite is contacted with the gas, thereby adsorbing water from the gas. A dehydroxylated zeolite for removing trace moisture from a gas wherein the zeolite has a high silica-to-alumina ratio and a low level of metallic impurities is also disclosed. A method for removing metallic impurities from a gas using the low metals zeolite is also disclosed. The zeolites and methods of the invention are particularly useful for removing trace water and trace metal impurities from acid gases such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide.

The present invention provides novel catalysts for accomplishing catalytic decomposition of undiluted light hydrocarbons to a hydrogen product, and methods for preparing such catalysts. In one aspect, a method is provided for preparing a catalyst by admixing an aqueous solution of an iron salt, at least one additional catalyst metal salt, and a suitable oxide substrate support, and precipitating metal oxyhydroxides onto the substrate support. An incipient wetness method, comprising addition of aqueous solutions of metal salts to a dry oxide substrate support, extruding the resulting paste to pellet form, and calcining the pellets in air is also discloses. In yet another aspect, a process is provided for producing hydrogen from an undiluted light hydrocarbon reactant, comprising contacting the hydrocarbon reactant with a catalyst as described above in a reactor, and recovering a substantially carbon monoxide-free hydrogen product stream. In still yet another aspect, a process is provided for catalytic decomposition of an undiluted light hydrocarbon reactant to obtain hydrogen and a valuable multi-walled carbon nanotube coproduct.

Novel estrogenic compounds of Formula I are provided.wherein the bond represented by the wavy line may be a single or double bond such that when the wavy line is a single bond, R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sulfate and glucoronate or other esters, and when the wavy line is a double bond, R1 does not exist; R2 is lower alkyl; R3 may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sulfate, or glucuronide or other esters; and R4 through R13 may independently be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, ketone, lower allyl, lower alkoxy, halogen, and carbonyl groups and R14 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, sulfate and glucoronide and other esters. When R1 is hydroxy, the hydroxy or ester substituent may have either an α or a β orientation. Compositions of matter including compounds of the present invention are also provided as are methods of treating mammals in need of treatment using compounds of the present invention.

A tungsten oxide / titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating oxidizes contaminants in the air that adsorb onto the coating into water, carbon dioxide, and other substances. The tungsten oxide forms a monolayer on the titanium dioxide. When photons of the ultraviolet light are absorbed by the tungsten oxide / titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating, an electron is promoted from the valence band to the conduction band, producing a hole in the valence band. The holes in the valence band react with water applied on the tungsten oxide / titanium dioxide photocatalyst coating, forming reactive hydroxyl radicals. When a contaminant in the air is adsorbed onto the tungsten oxide / titanium dioxide photocatalyst, the hydroxyl radical attacks the contaminant, abstracting a hydrogen atom from the contaminant. The hydroxyl radical oxidizes the contaminant, producing water, carbon dioxide, and other substances. The tungsten oxide / titanium dioxide photocatalytic coating has low sensitivity to humidity variations.

The invention discloses low viscosity flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized foam silicone rubber and a preparation method thereof. The silicone rubber comprises a component A and a component B in a mass ratio of 1: 1. The component A comprises 100 parts of alpha, omega- dihydroxy polydimethylsiloxane, 40-60 parts of a flame retardant A, 10-30 parts of a reinforcing and incrementing filler, 10-30 parts of methyl phenyl silicone oil, 15-30 parts of vinyl end silicone oil, 0.4-0.8 part of a Pt catalyst and 5-10 parts of a flame retardant B; the component B comprises 100 parts of alpha, omega- dihydroxy polydimethylsiloxane, 5-10 parts of end hydroxyl silicone oil, 40-80 parts of a flame retardant A, 15-35 parts of a reinforcing and incrementing filler, 10-20 parts of methyl phenyl silicone oil, 15-30 parts of vinyl silicone oil, 10-20 parts of hydrogen-containing silicone oil and 5-10 parts of a flame retardant B. The foam silicone rubber disclosed by the invention is low in viscosity and easy to flow and is easily cured at constant temperature, and is applied to pouring construction conveniently.

This invention relates to acidity zeolite catalyst used for glycerol dehydration to perpare acrolein and the reaction craft. Glycerine directly dehydrate to generate acrolein under the condition of acidity zeolite catalyst, 200 to 500deg temperature, 0.001 to 3.0MPa pressure and 0.1 to 100.0h - 1 liquid airspeed, at the same time produce byproduct pyruvic alcohol. The raw material raw glycerine could be mixed liquor of water solution, alcosol, fatty acid ester solution at any ratio.

An object of the present invention is to provide an immunoassay of PSA using an agglutination accelerator, which has an agglutination accelerating effect equal to or stronger than the known agglutination accelerator; hardly generates non-specific turbidity; and hardly generates salting out even in a solution with a high salt concentration. The present invention relates to an immunoassay of a prostate-specific antigen comprising performing an antigen-antibody reaction in the presence of a polymer having a monomer unit derived from a monomer represented by the following general formula [2]: (wherein R<1>-R<3 >are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group optionally having a hydroxyl group; R<4 >is an alkylene group; R<5 >is an alkylene group optionally having a substituent and optionally having an oxygen atom in a chain; R<6 >is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and X is an oxygen atom or a -NH- group), and a kit of reagent for an immunoassay comprising a reagent containing an agglutination accelerator for the immunoassay.

The invention relates to a quaternary ammonium salt organic silicon gemini surfactant and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method is prepared by the following steps of mixing polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, alpha-hydrogen-omega-hydroxyl-polydimethylsiloxane and acetone, adding tetrabutylammonium bromide and sodium hydroxide solutions, stirring and refluxing at the temperature of 50 to 70 DEG C, so as to obtain epoxy polyether-modified siloxane; adding a hydrochloric acid solution, long-strand alkyl dimethye third amine and a solvent into a reactor, uniformly stirring, dripping the epoxy polyether-modified siloxane, and reacting until the amine value is not changed, so as to obtain a target product. The quaternary ammonium salt organic silicon gemini surfactant has the advantages that the product has excellent surface activity, the surface tension in the water solution is minimum to 28.24mN / m, and the critical micelle concentration is minimum to 1.5*10-6mol / L, and is far lower than the critical micelle concentration of the traditional hydrocarbon single-strand surfactant DTAB (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide); by using the linking of covalent bonds, the hydrolysis resistance property or organic silicon is improved; the advantages of the quaternary ammonium salt organic silicon gemini surfactant and the organic silicon surfactant are simultaneously realized.

The invention relates to a novel configuration phenyl methyl silicon oil which is synthesized from the following four raw materials, low polymerization degree oxosilane 28-35%, methylsiloxane 2-14%, low polymerization degree dimethyl diphenyl siloxane 50-70%, and tetramethyl 0.01-0.1% of the total weight of the three other constituents.

The invention pertains to the field of chemical materials and in particular relates to a sorption solvent which catches or separates carbon dioxide from gaseous mixtures or liquefied gases. The solvent comprises n-propanolamine with a content range of 5-60wt% and other components with a total content range of 40-95wt%; other components comprise monoethanol amine, diethanolamine, methyl diethanolamine, diisopropanol amine, 2-amido-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol, organic amine, water, physical solvent, inorganic salt and one or more accessory ingredients. The number of carbon atoms between the amidocyanogen and the hydroxide radical of the n-propanolamine is three; nitrogen atoms can form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atoms on oxygen atoms, or oxygen atoms can form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atoms on nitrogen atoms, thus forming a ring structure composed of six atoms; such molecular structure is similar to that of secondary amine, can reduce the formation of amino carbonates and improve the solubility and desorption degree of CO2; meanwhile, the formation of the six-element ring molecular structure increases the stability of molecular and can reduce the degradation loss of solvents in service process.

The invention provides an organosilicon emulsion used for the hand feel finishing of wool and blended yarn thereof, which comprises 40 to 60% of amino silicon oil emulsion, 30 to 50% of hydroxy silicon oil emulsion and 10% of hydrogen-containing silicone oil emulsion. A preparation method comprises the steps of preparing the amino silicone oil emulsion, the hydroxy silicon oil emulsion and the hydrogen-containing silicone oil emulsion, and then mixing according to the proportion of 40-60%, 30-50% and 10%. The application comprises putting the wool or the blended yarn thereof into the organosilicone emulsion, soaking at the temperature of 40-45 DEG C for 30-60 minutes and drying at the temperature of 85-100 DEG C after dehydration. The effect of the comprehensive hand feeling of smoothness without grease, softness, overhang feel, slip and bulkiness is achieved.

The invention provides the usage of using the benzoic acid stannous as catalyst. The invention solves the problem that polymerization rate of current catalyst in lactic acid and glycolic acid is slow. The benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing low-molecular polymer lactic acid with lactic acid dewatering; benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing lactide with low-molecular polymer lactic acid cracking; benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing polylactic acid with lactide polymerizing; benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing low-molecular polymer glycolic acid with glycolic acid dewatering; benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing glycolide with low-molecular polymer glycolic acid cracking; benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for preparing poly-glycollide with glycolide polymerizing. The benzoic acid stannous is the catalyst used for polymerizing glycolide, lactide and epsilon-caprolactone. Using the benzoic acid stannous is low content, high productivity, high product purity, low temperature and good repeatability.

The hydrogen peroxide air sterilizing liquid consists of hydrogen peroxide 3.0-5.0 wt%, organic acid 0.01-0.10 wt%, EDTA disodium 0.05-0.20 wt%, metal ion complex 0.10-0.40 wt%, non-ionic polyhydroxylated polymer 0.10-0.50 wt%. It is prepared through dissolving EDTA disodium, metal ion complex and non-ionic polyhydroxylated polymer in deionized water, and adding hydrogen peroxide and organic acid via stirring to obtain the stable air sterilizing liquid. The air sterilizing liquid has pH value of 2.0-3.0, hydrogen peroxide reducing rate at 54 deg.c for 14 days of 2.21-2.22 %, mouse acute oral toxicity LD50 greater than 5,000 mg / Kg and mouse acute inhalation LC50 greater than 10,000 mg / cu m. It has high germ killing rate, and is sprayed into air for sterilizing.

Irritation upon injection of a formulation containing propofol is reduced or substantially eliminated by administering a stable, sterile, and antimicrobial aqueous dispersion comprising a water-insoluble microdroplet matrix of mean diameter from about 50 nm to about 1000 nm consisting essentially of about 1% to about 15% of propofol, up to about 7% of a propofol-soluble diluent, and about 0.8% to about 4% of a surface stabilizing amphiphilic aent. The aqueous phase includes a pharmaceutically acceptable water-soluble polyhydroxy tonicity modifier. The propofol-containing dispersion is devoid of additional bactericidal or bacteriostatic preservative agents.

The invention discloses a chemical reaction method for reducing TDI (toluene diisocyanate) in a non-toxic polyurethane curing agent. A dehydrating agent is used to dehydrate a polyol, then the dehydrated polyol is added dropwise into the toluene diisocyanate TDI-80 and a solvent, the ratio of NCO to OH is between 3:1 and 4:1 according to molar ratio, the reaction is carried out at a lower temperature of 40 DEG C to 50 DEG C for 2 to 8 hours, 2,4-TDI with the mass of 10-20% of initial isocyanate is added to form a mixed system, a Mannich base trimer catalyst with the mass content of 2,4-TDI being 0.01-0.1% is added dropwise into the mixed system obtained in the second step, the temperature is raised to 50-75 DEG C to continue the reaction for 2-8 hours, and then a polymerization inhibitor is added dropwise to stop the reaction. The solid content of the obtained polyurethane curing agent is 50%, the NCO value is 7.05%-8.85%, the content of the free TDI is not higher than 0.4%, and the viscosity is between 700 mPa.s and 1400 mPa.s.

The invention relates to a method for simultaneous desulfurization denitrification and mercury removal based on hydroxyl and sulphate radical oxidation. According to the method, ultraviolet radiation is adopted to decompose peroxide to produce hydroxyl and sulphate radical with strong oxidizing property, which serves as an oxidizing agent, and oxidation is performed in an impact bed, so as remove SO2, NOx and Hg0 in flue gas. The flue gas from an emission source is mixed with peroxide solution and then is sprayed into the impact bed at a high speed through coaxially and oppositely distributed nozzles, and two atomized gas-liquid mixtures are oppositely impacted and mixed in the impact bed. Ultraviolet radiation decomposes the peroxide in the solution to produce hydroxyl and sulphate radical to oxidize and remove the SO2, NOx and Hg0; divalent mercury produced during reaction enters a mercury separation tower, so as to be separated and recycled; sulfuric acid and nitric acid solution enter an absorption tower to produce ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solution; the ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solution finally enter an evaporation crystallization tower to produce solid ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solution. A system can realizes complete removal of the SO2, NOx and Hg0, no secondary pollution exists during removal, and the method has a wide market application prospect.

A process for producing a polymerized silicone fluid comprises the steps of charging to a reaction vessel a hydroxy-terminated silicone fluid, an ethoxy-or methoxy-terminated functional silane, a basic catalyst, and a surfactant package having a cloud point of between 2 to 20° C. below the reaction temperature needed to react the functional silane with the hydroxy-terminated silicone fluid; heating the contents of the reaction vessel to a temperature that is about 2 to about 20° C. above the cloud point of the surfactant package to copolymerize the silicone fluid and functional silane; terminating the copolymerization reaction; and diluting the product with water to form an emulsion.

This invention relates to a method for separating and preparing tetrahydroxy distyrene glucoside from Polygonum multiflorum. The method comprises: (1) pulverizing Polygonum multiflorum tubers, sieving to 20 mesh, extracting with water or ethanl, and concentrating the extract; (2) separating the concentrated extract with polyamide or macroporous adsorbent resin chromatographic column, eluting with ethanol, detecting by thin-layer chromatography, and collecting distyrene glucoside component; (3) vacuum-concentrating, preparing saturated solution at room temperature, cooling slowly, evaporating the solvent to precipitate crystals, vacuum-filtering, and recrystallizing to obtain white needle-like crystals of distyrene glucoside. The method has such advantages as easy operation, and high product purity.

A polymer is swollen in a first tank. The swelling temperature is in the range of −10 to 50° C. The mixture is cooled in a first cooling vessel to the range of −100 to −10° C., and thereafter heated in a heating device to the range of 0 to 57° C. The polymer is cellulose acylate in which a degree of substitution of the acyl group for hydroxyl group is at least 2.87. A film obtained from the cellulose acylate has a negative value of ΔRe and a positive value of ΔRth, and |ΔRth| is at least 10 nm. ΔRe and ΔRth are respective difference of Re and Rth at the measurement thereof with use of wavelengths between 700 nm and 400 nm. The film is used adequately as a birefringence film, a protective film for a polarizing filter in a liquid crystal display.

A process for preparing hydroxyl carthamus tinctorius yellow color A comprises using dry carthanus tinctorius as raw material, using deionized water and water alcohol as extracting solution, passing through preliminary separating column and refining column, using deionized water and water alcohol as eluent, and then obtaining hydroxyl carthamus tinctorius yellow color A after frozen and dried, and the content can reach 85%-99%. The invention uses cheap material, no toxic and safe solution, and has simple technology, high carthamus tinctorius usage and low cost, which is suitable to the industrialized industry, and the extracting rate is 0.8%-1.5% according to different purify requests of hydroxyl carthamus tinctorius yellow color A for various applications.

A process for the production of 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde is described. The process comprises reacting allyl alcohol with a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a solvent and a catalyst comprising a rhodium complex and a diphosphine. The diphoshine is a trans-1,2 -bis(bis(3,4-di-n-alkylphenyl)phosphinomethyl)cyclobutane and / or a 2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis[bis(3,4-di-n-alkylphenyl)phosphino]butane. The process gives high yield of 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde compared to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionaldehyde.

The invention relates to the field of chemistry, in particular to a synthetic method and application of N, N'-bis-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-benzothiazole)phenyl] carbamide. The molecular structural formula of the N,N'-2-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-benzothiazole)phenyl] carbamide is shown at the right; and the synthetic method of the N, N'-bis-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-benzothiazole)phenyl] carbamide comprises the step that 2-(4-amido-2-hydroxybenzene radical) benzothiazole, 4-AHBA for short, and carbonyl imidazole, CDI for short, are used as raw materials and react in toluene, benzene or xylene solvents to obtain the N, N'-bis-[3-hydroxy-4-(2-benzothiazole)phenyl] carbamide, for short 4-DHBTU. The reaction equation is shown at the right upper part. The invention has available reaction raw materials, mild reaction conditions and high yield; any other catalysts and (or) reaction auxiliary agents do not need to be added in the reaction process, the operation is simple and safe, the phenolic hydroxyl radical of the 4-AHBA does not need to be protected, and the recovery of a byproduct of the imidazole is convenient; and the 4-DHBTU is used as a fluorescent probe and used for the detection of Zn, the concentration lower limit of the Zn is measured and can reach 1*10mol / L, and Fe, Fe, Cd, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, Ag, Sn, La and Pb all do not interfere the measurement of the concentration of the Zn.

A doped hydroxy phosphorite used to remove F and Pb from drinking water has a chemical formula: Ca10{(PO4)6-y(CO3.OH)y}{(OH)2-2x(CO3)x}, and is prepared through proportioning Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2HPO4 and NH4HCO3, mixing with (NH4)2HPO4 and NH4HCO3, slow dropping Ca(NO3)2, regulating pH value by ammonia water, stirring to generate gel of doped hydroxy phosphorite, ageing, washing, pressure filtering, shaping and drying. Advantages include: good effect, nontoxic, no secondary pollution, large fluorine adsorbance etc.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a Cu / ZnO catalyst for preparing methanol from synthesis gas, which relates to a method for preparing a catalyst. The method comprises the following steps: mixing Cu2+ with Zn2+ in a nitrate, then complexing the obtained mixture and a polyhydroxy organic acid so as to obtain a collosol, and drying the collosol so as to obtain a xerogel, wherein in a reducing atmosphere formed by NH4NO3 (formed by NO3.H2O for adjusting the pH value and NO3-) and polyhydroxy organic acid in the process of combustion in an inert atmosphere, the Cu2+ is reduced into monoatomic Cu, but the Zn2+ is not reduced in the process of combustion and exists in the form of ZnO. The Cu / ZnO catalyst prepared by using the method provided by the invention can directly be applied to the reaction of preparing the methanol from the synthesis gas without a reductive passivation process, and has a good catalytic activity. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of mild reaction condition, low equipment cost and high catalytic performance and the like, and is simple to operate.

The invention relates to coating for solar cell back plates. The coating comprises, by mass percentage, 9.2-14.4% of fluorocarbon resin, 3.6-9.2% of acrylic resin, 20.5-25.3% of pigment, 37.6-48.1% ofsolvent, 0.6-1% of auxiliaries and an isocyanate curing agent, wherein the mole ratio of hydroxyl in the fluorocarbon resin and the acrylic resin to the isocyanate in the curing agent is 0.8-1.6, andthe total mass percentage of the components is 100%. The coating has the advantages that the coating is good in interlayer performance, a coating layer after hydrothermal aging is good in bonding force with EVA, and the problem that fluorocoating cannot give consideration to both weather resistance and cohesiveness is solved.

A 2,4-dihydroxyldiphenylketone preparation method which adopts resorcinol, trichlorotoluene, ethanol, methanol and water as main raw materials comprises the following steps: adding water in a reaction tank, heating water with steam to 35-38 DEG C, then adding resorcinol in the reaction tank, starting stirring to dissolve resorcinol completely, then adding ethanol and methanol in the reaction tank, controlling the quantity of steam to heat the materials to 50-60 DEG C, adding trichlorotoluene to react for 3-4h while controlling the material reaction temperature to 45-55 DEG C and keeping the temperature, cooling feed liquid to reduce the material temperature to 20-30 DEG C and finally obtaining 2,4-dihydroxyldiphenylketone by centrifugal separation. The method realizes that the yield is 99% and the product purity can reach more than 98%.

This is a kind of producing method of catalyst used for refining coarse terephthalic acid (CTA). The catalyst makes grains or molding active carbon as carrier, the content of loading active component metal Pd is 0.2 - 4wt%. It orderly includes: have acid wash to carrier active carbon; wash carrier active carbon with water to neutral; have soakage with watery solution containing nitrite ion to carrier active carbon; dry carrier active carbon to get rid of water; prepare Pd solution with water-soluble Pd compound, a kind of complexing agent and water to infuse or insufflate the carrier active carbon; the content of Pd compound in the Pd solution counted by Pd is 15 - 20wt%; the mol proportion of complexing agent and Pd is (0.01 - 1) : 1, the complexing agent is got from anyone of 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2, 3, 4-trihydroxyl-4-sulfonic azobenzol, o-phenanthroline, o-Aminophenol, o-hydroxybenzoic sodium or o-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime; after aginged, have deoxidizing treatment with reducing agent to get activator products.

A macromolecule bactericide has the following structure: as shown in the right formula, HP represents the frame of hyperbranched polymers, n is an integer between 1 and 8, z is the result of 2n+1, R is -O-CO-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -O-CO-CH2-CH2-, -O-CO-CH2-, -O-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -O-CO-NH-CH2-CH2- or -O-CO-NH-CH2-, Y is an alkyl whose carbon atom number is between 1 and 30, A and B are alkyls whose carbon atom number is between 1 and 4, X is an anion selected from Cl-íóBr-íóI-íóNO3-íóClO4-íóClO3-. The macromolecule bactericide provided by the invention can be obtained by quaternised modification of the end hydroxyl group of hyberbranched polymers. Compared with the quaternary ammonium salt bactericide, the bactericide has better effect to kill microbe when used for water containing system, its capability of killing Gram-negative bacteria is ten times as strong as that of the dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. íí

A method of making a red pigmented composition is disclosed which includes (a) preparing an aqueous extract of Garcinia indica fruit comprising at least one red colorant; (b) treating the extract with a cation exchange resin so that one or more red colorant associates with the resin; (c) eluting the red colorant from the resin with an eluting solution containing one or more alcohol such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol and one or more acid such as hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid and hydroxy citric acid to yield a red-colored eluate; (d) collecting and concentrating the eluate to provide a concentrate; and (e) adding an antioxidant agent and / or placing the concentrate in an aseptic container in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. A combination comprising the resulting stabilized Garcinia extract in aseptic packaging in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is also disclosed, along with methods of use.