278results about How to "Substance reduction" patented technology

A control apparatus for controlling an object that is modeled using at least one model parameter is provided. The control apparatus comprises an identifier, a controller and a modulator. The identifier identifies the model parameter. The controller is coupled to the identifier and uses the model parameter to determine a reference input so that an output of the object converges to a desired value. The modulator is coupled to the controller and applies any one of a delta-sigma modulation algorithm, a sigma-delta modulation algorithm and a delta modulation algorithm to the reference input to determine an input into the object. The model parameter is identified based on the output of the object and the reference input. Since the identifier determines the model parameter based on the reference input, the model parameters is prevented from vibrating.

A process for the preparation of free carboxylic acids including: A) preparation of carboxylic acid by a biological cell located in an aqueous medium with addition of an amine of formula (I)where R1, R2 and R3, independently of one another, are identical or different, branched or unbranched, optionally substituted hydrocarbon radicals or H; B) for cases where the added amine A) is water-soluble, addition of a water-insoluble amine of formula (I), where, in A) or B), a multiphase system is obtained and the corresponding ammonium carboxylate is formed from the water-insoluble amine and the carboxylic acid; C) removal of the water-insoluble phase; and D) heating of the water-insoluble phase with release of free carboxylic acid.

A vibrating gyro device includes a piezoelectric substrate, an upper main surface electrode, a lower main surface electrode, and a support substrate. The piezoelectric substrate is provided with inner open holes and outer open holes. Side edge surfaces of a frame-shaped region in the X-Y plane are exposed to the interior of the frame through the inner open holes. Side edge surfaces of the frame-shaped region are exposed to the exterior of the frame through the outer open holes. Drive detection electrodes arranged within the upper main surface electrode are bonded to the upper main surface of the frame-shaped region and together with the lower main surface electrode are electromechanically coupled with deformation of the frame-shaped region in the Z-axis direction and deformation of the frame-shaped region in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the X-Y plane. The support substrate provides a vibration space for the frame-shaped region and supports the piezoelectric substrate. The vibration space prevents interference between the frame-shaped region and the support substrate and connects the inner open holes and the outer open holes.