The invention provides a novel crawling pipeline robot. According to the technical field, the invention relates to the research field of a pipeline robot, in particular relates to a novel crawling pipeline robot, which is provided with single-direction travelling mechanisms and can go backwards. The invention discloses a novel crawling pipeline robot, which is provided with the single-direction travelling mechanisms and a ball screw, and has a back function in a pipeline. The novel crawling pipeline robot comprises a front machine body, the ball screw, a rear machine body, a supporting wheel structure and the single-direction travelling mechanisms; the ball screw is fixed with the front machine body, passes through the rear machine body, and forms a driving device for crawling travel with a screw nut mounted on the rear machine body. Supporting wheel mechanisms are respectively mounted at the both ends of the front machine body and the rear machine body of the robot; and each supporting wheel mechanism is provided with a plurality of supporting wheel legs which are uniformly distributed in the circumference direction, so that the robot is prevented from falling down in the pipeline. Meanwhile, a plurality of the single-direction travelling mechanisms are respectively mounted on the front machine body and the rear machine body, so that the robot walks forwards, and the single-direction travelling mechanisms can be non-efficient by manually pulling a wire, so that the robot goes backwards in the pipeline. The robot provided by the invention has high driving efficiency, can smoothly pass through the linear pipelines, and has the certain tapered pipeline adaptability and strong drawing capability. Meanwhile, the robot further can go backwards in the pipeline.