674 results about "Tobacco industry" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of tobacco industry and relates to a preparation method for a functional harm-reduction and tar-reduction paper-making process tobacco sheet and a finished product of the paper-making process tobacco sheet. The preparation method for the paper-making process tobacco sheet comprises the following steps of extracting and concentrating effective components of tobacco; mixing formulas; pulping and blending fibers; manufacturing paper with pulp; dipping, drying and tearing and shaping. The blending process comprises the following steps of: adding non-tobacco plant fiber pulp of which the beating concentration is 3-4 percent and the Schopper-Riegler (SR) beating degree is 18-28 to tobacco mixed fiber pulp, adding filling to a machine chest, regulating the pulping concentration to 2-3 percent by water, and evenly mixing. By the use or the combine use of the filling and the non-tobacco plant fiber pulp, the combustion state of the sheet can be improved while physical properties, such as the air permeability, the retention and the tensile strength of a paper base, are improved, i.e., harmful ingredients of smoke, such as tar and carbon monoxide of the paper-making process tobacco sheet, can be effectively reduced, and hazard indexes of cigarettes are reduced. Meanwhile, technical-economic indicators, such as the speed and the input- output efficiency of a paper machine, also can be improved.

The invention discloses a method for controlling moisture of tobacco shreds at an outlet of a parallel-flow tobacco dryer, and relates to a production control method in the tobacco industry. The method is characterized in that: in a production phase, the required value of the moisture of the tobacco shreds at the outlet is taken as a target, the precedence of control and adjustment is determined according to the opening degree of a moisture draining air door and a hot wind air door, the temperature of hot wind and the temperature of a wall; the overall principle is firstly controlling and adjusting the parameters which have little impact on the internal quality of the tobacco shreds and the smoking and then controlling and adjusting the parameters which have great impact on the internal quality of the tobacco shreds and the smoking; the sequence is as follows: (1) first the opening degrees of the moisture draining air door and the hot wind air door are controlled and adjusted; (2) then the hot wind temperature is controlled and adjusted; (3) and finally the wall temperature is controlled and adjusted. The method for controlling moisture content of tobacco shreds has the advantage that the wall temperature is basically kept constant in the production process, which is beneficial to stabilizing and unifying the inner quality and style of the tobacco products. The method can provide a technical means for individualized production and classification processing of the cigarettes.

The invention discloses an integrated tobacco industry information security, operation and maintenance application platform system, which comprises an information security, operation and maintenance service management portal module, a centralized security control module, an informationized work management module and a business service management center module; the information security, operation and maintenance service management portal module is respectively connected with the business service management center module, the centralized security control module and the informationized work management module; the information security, operation and maintenance service management portal module mainly comprises a display module, a business module and an acquisition module, and the acquisition module is provided with an operating command interface and an external platform interface. The system can be used for centrally managing information security and IT (Information Technology) service, realizing the centralized management of accounts, authentication, authorization, audit and access, standardizing security, operation and maintenance management, increasing the quality of operation and maintenance, decreasing security risk, regularizing the behaviors of users, and facilitating to increase the professional levels of technicians.

The invention discloses a preparation method for regenerating tobacco leaves by using an aromatic tobacco papermaking method, belonging to the technical field of tobacco leaf regeneration by using a papermaking method in the tobacco industry. The preparation method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: extracting aromatic tobacco with an aqueous solution containing an organic solvent, separating solid and liquid, a concentrating extract into extractum, adding aromatic tobacco seed powder and a mixed solvent to the extractum to prepare coating fluid; mixing aromatic tobacco slag with tobacco cabo slag extracted through water to pulp into a film base through manufacturing and forming paper with pulp; coating the film base with the prepared coating liquid, drying, cutting and crushing into finished regenerating tobacco leaf products of aromatic tobacco type by using the aromatic tobacco papermaking method. The invention provides the tobacco regenerating method by using the papermaking method which can fully utilize the whole leaves, scraps, broken leaves and aromatic tobacco seed resources and have the characteristic of producing typical aromatic tobacco.

The invention discloses a method for preparing high-specific-surface-area activated carbon from tobacco stalks, which comprises the following steps: pulverizing tobacco stalks into granules, mixing the granules and an activating agent according to a mass ratio of (1:8)-(2:1), adding the obtained mixture into water, evenly stirring, and impregnating for 10-14 hours; after impregnation is finished, filtering, drying the filter residue, placing into an electric furnace having a nitrogen protective atmosphere, and carbonizing at 450-750 DEG C for 1-2 hours; and after carbonization is finished, cooling in a nitrogen atmosphere, washing the obtained furnace slag, and drying. According to the method, high-quality activated carbon can be simply and quickly prepared from wastes in the tobacco industry. Thus, the method changes wastes into valuable substances, fully utilizes resources, avoids environmental pollution, has good economic benefits and is beneficial to industrial production.

The invention discloses a paper-core filter rod for cigarettes and a manufacturing method thereof. A paper core containing polylactic acid fibers, non-toxic flame retardants and non-toxic water repellents is taken as a filter material of the filter rod, and the paper core also can contain acetate fibers and wood fibers and the like. The paper-core filter rod is manufactured by using a method comprising the steps of adding various components into a paper pulp to carry out paper making firstly, manufacturing the obtained product into a paper core, and then manufacturing the paper core into a filter rod. The paper-core filter rod achieves an excellent degradation effect and a good filtering effect, and has a good flame retardant property, a good moisture-resistant property; and a new paper-core filter rod which is economic in cost and really has an industrialization prospect can be provided for users in the tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a method for measuring sterol in tobaccos. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) deploying sterol standard templates containing internal standard with different concentrations, carrying out GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) analysis after derivatization, and plotting by utilizing the ratio of the sterol to internal standard peak area and the ratio of the sterol to internal standard concentration to obtain a standard curve; (2) carrying out acid hydrolysis, saponification and direct ultrasonic extraction on samples to be measured, and taking 1 muL for carrying out GC-MS analysis after derivatization; and (3) reading the ratio of the sterol to the internal standard concentration from the standard curve by utilizing the ratio of the sterol to theinternal standard peak area, and then calculating the amount of the sterol. The invention can be used for analyzing cholesterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol with a plurality of forms in tobacco leaves at the same time, has the advantages of accurate measurement and simple and convenient operation, and can be widely applied to tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a tobacco stalk biochar soil conditioner capable of reducing the content of heavy metals in tobacco, improving the tobacco quality and improving the soil environment, as well as an improvement method for tobacco field soil. The tobacco stalk biochar soil conditioner is prepared by mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of tobacco stalk biochar and 40-60 g of a passivant. The tobacco stalk biochar soil conditioner is easy to obtain raw materials, simple in preparation method and low in cost, can effectively reduce the content of heavy metals in tobacco, and can improve the quality of tobacco field soil; a large number of waste tobacco stalks generated in tobacco growing areas are adopted as the raw material, the resource recycling of waste materials is realized, the sustainable development of the tobacco industry is facilitated, and the tobacco stalk biochar soil conditioner is suitable for large-scale popularization and application in the field of tobacco growing.

The invention provides a quantitative boxing device with an original box and an original cover. The quantitative device comprises a limiting pipe, a buffer conveyor and a full suspension electronic belt scale, and is characterized by further comprising a box body conveyor, a box cover conveyor, a cover taking machine and a capping machine, wherein the cover taking machine and the capping machine are positioned between the box body conveyor and the box cover conveyor. The structure is simple, the occupied area is small, the taking of a cover for an empty box, the accurate charging and the capping for the solid box of a packaging box can be completed automatically in an on-line manner, the dynamic weighing of the empty box and the solid box and the collection of data of net weight of packaged materials, which is obtained by reducing the tare weight in a real-time manner, can be further completed automatically in an on-line manner, and the collected signals are uploaded to a production management information system. The quantitative boxing device is especially applicable to single-point high-precision quantitative boxing for leaves, cut stem, tobacco shreds, cabo, tobacco flakes and other various products in re-baking and primary processing production links in the tobacco industry, can be used alone by matching with a fork-lift truck for use, and can also be in butt joint and combined with a main line for use.

The invention discloses a method for predicting the main indexes of flue-cured tobacco smoke, which comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a model for the main indexes of the flue-cured tobacco smoke; secondly, detecting the main chemical compostions and the main indexes of the smoke of a training flue-cured tobacco sample and a testing flue-cured tobacco sample; thirdly, using a gray function clustering method to cluster the training flue-cured tobacco sample; fourthly, determining the variable of the sample entering the model; fifthly, establishing a gray prediction model between the main indexes and the main chemical compositions of the smoke of each type of the sample; sixthly, establishing a BP neural network for each type of the training sample; and seventhly, performing a test and an adjustment by using the main indexes and the main chemical compositions of the smoke of the testing flue-cured tobacco sample. In the process of detection, the main chemical components of the flue-cured tobacco sample to be tested are clustered; and then the model of the type of the sample is applied to performing prediction so as to obtain the main indexes of the smoke. The method overcomes defects that the prior art needs to detect and operate a large number samples, achieves the prediction of the main indexes of the flue-cured tobacco smoke by using a small amount of the chemical composition samples, lightens the workload caused by smoke panel tests for formulating personnel, and can be widely used in the tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a tobacco weighing and packing method by two hydraulic systems and a tobacco weighing and packing machine, and relates to the technical field of metering and packing in tobacco industries. The tobacco weighing and packing machine consists of a stander 14, a packing component, a tobacco weighing barrel 11, a weighing component and an operating component, wherein the packing component and the weighing component are respectively arranged above and below the stander 14; the tobacco weighing barrel 11 is arranged in the middle of the stander 14 above the weighing component; and the operating component is arranged on the side of the stander 14. The tobacco weighing and packing machine has the characteristics of high weighing precision, long service life, high efficiency and the like and can be used for weighing and packing tobaccos and weighing and packing other leaf-type substances or other compressible substances.

The invention discloses a method for simultaneous measurement of 17 trace elements in reconstituted tobacco by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. According to the invention, microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are combined together to measure 17 trace elements in reconstituted tobacco; a reconstituted tobacco sample is subjected to microwave digestion, and then ICP-MS measurement is quantitatively carried out through combination of a standard mode, collision / reaction cell technology and an internal standard method. Measurement results show that: 17 target elements have good linearity, a correlation coefficient r is no less than 0.9995, a detection limit is 0.001 to 0.065 mu g / L, an added standard recovery rate is 79.31 to 123.07%, and relative standard deviation is 1.15 to 6.38%. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, stability, accuracy, etc. and can be used for analysis and test of large-batch reconstituted tobacco samples in the tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a method for making short tobacco stalks which are shorter than 20mm into expanded cut stalks and relates to a production method of tobacco industry. The method adopts a processing technology of flattening stalks after fully soaking, and then the stalks are cut into threads, and dry ice expanding is carried out. The temperature of the water for soaking is 45 plus or minus 5 DEG C, while the soaking time is 10-15 minutes; the optimal stalk flattening gap is 0.50mm plus or minus 0.02mm, and the optimal cutting width is 0.16mm plus or minus 0.02mm. According to the evaluation results of all aspects, short tobacco stalk that is shorter than 20mm can be made into expanded cut tobacco with preferable appearance and good smoking quality; and a great amount of the resource of the short stalks discarded can be effectively used by adopting the technique of the invention, the smoking quality of the cigarette products can be obviously improved when the technique is applied to the cigarette products, and the method changes waste into valuable.

The invention discloses a cigarette processing quality evaluation and diagnosis method. The cigarette processing quality evaluation and diagnosis method includes drawing a contour map of sample probability by collecting and processing historical data, diagnosing the abnormal technological parameters or indexes by the contour map and computing the quality. By computing of the sample probability, diagnosis of the abnormal parameters or indexes and computing of the sample quality, more complete and practical quality evaluation references are provided for quality management personnel, and a fast channel is provided for quality improvement. The cigarette processing quality evaluation and diagnosis method can evaluate product quality and physical quality of cigarettes during cigarette tobacco production, and can further diagnoses and indicates the technological parameters or indexes deviated from the statistics controlled states when small-probability events (such as quality inconformity) appear. The cigarette processing quality evaluation and diagnosis method has the advantages of universality and applicability to other production processes besides the tobacco industry.

A pack for tobacco industry products such as menthol cigarettes, comprises a housing (1) defining an enclosure containing tobacco industry products (4) and a pad (34) disposed in or on the pack, impregnated with the substance for altering characteristics of the tobacco industry products, such as a menthol flavourant, and a removable strip (32), attached to the pad so that when removed, the substance is released into the pack from the carrier to be adsorbed by the cigarettes. Thus, menthol can be released from the pad into the pack after opening by the consumer, by removal of the strip to boost the level of menthol flavourant in the cigarettes.

The invention relates to a tobacco moisture content and temperature regulation control method, and belongs to re-drying and primary production techniques in the tobacco processing industry. Under the conditions of uncertain moisture content and temperature of tobacco processing material, especially, the control method is a procedure control technology having definite process requirements on the moisture content and temperature of processed tobacco. The control method comprises the following process steps: A) before feeding production, inspecting process conditions including air pressure, steam and water pressure; B) feeding the moisture content and temperature of the tobacco back to a control system when the tobacco flows through a moisture online detector and a temperature monitoring device at an equipment outlet, and controlling the control system to perform processing. On the basis of present situation of the re-drying and primary production techniques in the tobacco industry, the control method utilizes hot wind to properly dry and humidify the tobacco, and achieves PID regulation closed-loop control.

The invention provides a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a tobacco raw material with carbonate or bicarbonate and an alkaline solution ina certain proportion at 70-90 DEG C and enabling reflux for 1-2 hours, carrying out filtering to obtain a filtrate, conducting extraction twice to three times by an organic solvent, separating an extracting solution from a raffinate, combining the extracting solution, concentrating an organic phase extract at 25-50 DEG C to obtain a yellow oily liquid, and thus obtaining nicotine in tobacco. According to the method for extracting nicotine from tobacco, the nicotine yield is 96.3%, the purity is 82.4%, the aroma of cigarettes is reserved while stimulation to the throat is reduced and the comfort is improved, the nicotine has the original aroma of tobaccos and provides good satisfaction, the requirement of consumers for smoking electronic cigarettes is further met, the sensory evaluation comprehensive index is excellent, and the economic value of the tobacco industry can be improved. The method has great popularization prospects.

The invention relates to the technical fields of formula threshing and redrying in the tobacco industry, in particular to a box-type formula technology of a tobacco threshing and redrying production line. The box-type formula technology is a machining technology characterized in that the raw tobaccos in different types, different odor types, different producing areas and different grades are automatically proportioned according to the formula through the operations that tobacco leaves are boxed according to each specie according to the modulus theory, then a tobacco box formula module is constructed and temporally stored according to the box-type storage technology, the tobacco boxes leave the storage according to the formula module, the tobacco boxes are turned over, a shuttling materialdistribution car distributes materials according to a uniform amplitude elongated shape, the tobacco leaves are stored according to the module, a cross section discharges materials and the like. According to the technology, the tobacco materials are automatically and precisely proportioned according to the formula, the product quality is effectively reviewed, and the evenness of the raw tobacco mixed material the quality of the flaky tobacco product and the machining flexibility and efficiency of the production line are greatly improved and enhanced.

The invention relates to a method for measuring the contents of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in cigarette main stream smoke. The method measures the contents of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette main stream smoke by triple quadrupole gas chromatography (GC) / mass spectrometry (MS), and measures the contents of the following four tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette main stream smoke by internal standard method: NNN (N-nitrosonornicotine), NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), NAT (N-nitrosoanatabine) and NAB (N-nitrosoanabasine). The method overcomes the defects of the conventional methods for detecting the standards related to four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in cigarette main stream smoke, such as complicated operation and long time duration. Besides, the method has the advantages of high sensitivity and accuracy and good repeatability; and is applied to qualitative or quantitative measurement of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in cigarette main stream smoke for technical personnel in the tobacco industry.

The invention provides a flexible manufacturing and precise formulation process for threshing and redrying tobacco leaves, relating to a precise formulation process of tobacco industry, in particular to a technology for automatically boxing, storing and flexibly conveying original tobacco leaves obtained after tobacco tips and tobacco bases are split in the tobacco threshing and redrying production of the tobacco industry to realize precise formulation. The flexible manufacturing and precise formulation process for threshing and redrying the tobacco leaves comprises the following steps of: (a) automatically filling tobacco leaves into boxes; (b) automatically warehousing the boxes; (c) automatically storing the boxes; (d) automatically discharging the boxes out of the warehouse; (e) conveying empty cage boxes; and (f) treating after products. By using the process provided by the invention, a material unit is quantitatively designed and the tobacco leaves are stored by using cage boxes as minimum storage units so that the tobacco leaves can be quantitatively filled into the boxes and automatically weighed; and the boxes are automatically overlapped, automatically conveyed, automatically stored and automatically delivered out of the warehouse; and the tobaccos in the boxes are automatically stirred for feeding.

The invention relates to a biology preparation for reducing nitrosamine content in tobacco, and the manufacturing method and application, which belongs to biology technology field. The fungus Pseudomonas aeruginosa KenLXP30 product in the invention is preserved in normal microbe centre of china microbe preservation management committee in Jul 28 2003, the preserving number is CCTCC NO.0985. The invention picks out a fungus KenLXP30 in large amount of tobacco inner bacteria which can eliminates the amino nitrous acid content in tobacco, produces the biology preparation which can reduce the hard of tobacco. The preparation can reduce the amino nitrous acid content in white rib tobacco prominently, and it has good application value in tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a method for applying the near infrared spectral analysis technology for undamaged identification of the truth of tobacco. The method is as follows: firstly, spectrum data of true tobacco is acquired and stored into a computer; secondly, the method for qualitative analysis of the similarity matching in TQ analyst7.1 software is applied to establish a similarity matching model of the tobacco of the brand; thirdly, a similarity matching critical value of the tobacco of the brand is obtained after calculation. When the tobacco is identified, the same method is applied for acquiring spectrum data of the tobacco to be identified and calculating a spectrum similarity matching value of the tobacco to be identified; when the similarity matching value of the tobacco to be identified is more than or equal to the similarity matching critical value of the tobacco of the brand, the tobacco to be identified is identified to be true tobacco with the same brand, or else, the tobacco is false tobacco. The amount of samples required by the identification method is small; the identification process does not need pretreatment and sampling procedure, does not damage cigarettes and is simple, thereby the method is extraordinarily suitable for being promoted in the tobacco industry and the tobacco law enforcement and supervision department and has good market application prospect.

The present invention relates to utilization of by-product tobacco stems obtained in tobacco industry, in the concrete, it relates to a technological process for puffing tobacco stems by utilizing microwave. Said technological process includes the following steps: raw material pretreatment: uniformly spraying pectin puffing agent on the dried tobacco stems; charging: making the pretreated tobacco stems be uniformly laid in a glassware; placing the glassware into a microwave oven and utilizing microwave to puff the tobacco stems, microwave frequency is 2450MH2, power is 400w and temperature is 85-95deg.C, so that the puffed tobacco stems can be obtained.

The invention relates to the field of tobacco industries, in particular to a tobacco essence extracting solution, an extracting method and prepared tobacco essence and tobacco products. The extracting solution contains C2-3 alcohol, ester, malic acid and water. The aroma of the tobacco essence prepared by the extracting method provided by the invention is elegant and lingering, which is of harmony with the aroma of tobaccos, so that the tobacco products are endowed with a unique aroma style characteristic. The cigarette containing aquilaria agallocha tobacco flavor and provided by the invention is elegant, sweet, lasting and lingering in aroma, and is very popular among the masses.

The present invention provides a method for preparing reforger tobacco leaf slurry material as well as tobacco film using tobacco peduncle, including obtaining reforger tobacco leaf slurry material and make the slurry material into film, to implement heating and pressing treatment to the tobacco peduncle through two phases, the temperature and pressure of the second phases are above to that of the first phase separately, then to blow up and spray tobacco peduncle raw material to obtain reforger tobacco leaf slurry material. The method operation is simple, reduces producing energy consumption as well as cost, and the physical performance guideline of the tobacco film all achieve or exceed the technology request of YC / T16 <<REFORGER TOBACCO LEAF>> of tobacco industry.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-adsorbability cellulose diacetate composite electrostatic spinning nanofiber ordered porous film. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving cellulose diacetate and polycaprolactone, or cellulose diacetate and a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, or cellulose diacetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone into an organic solvent so as to prepare a spinning solution, and preparing the cellulose diacetate composite electrostatic spinning nanofiber ordered porous film by adopting an electrostatic spinning method. The method disclosed by the invention is simple, and cannot pollute the environment in the preparation process. The prepared cellulose diacetate composite electrostatic spinning nanofiber ordered porous film has tiny fiber diameter, good pore diameter and order degree, is good in dry and wet state adsorption performances, is high in water absorption, can be applied to the flue gas and tobacco industry of the dry state and wet state adsorption and filtration separation industry, is wide in market application prospect, and has relatively high application value.

The invention discloses a moisture-regaining method for tobacco, Chinese herbal medicines and products thereof and a moisture-regaining device thereof, and relates to a material moisture-regaining method and a moisture-regaining device thereof in tobacco industry. The moisture-regaining method comprises the following steps that: materials are delivered forward at a certain speed and blown by moist-hot wind coming from low part or side lower part to be in a suspended state in falling space to fully contact the moist-heat wind and absorb moist and heat to regain moisture. An entrance of a chamber of the device is provided with a conveyer, and the front lower part of the conveyer is at least provided with a common conveyer belt or a mesh belt; and a circular fan and a heat exchanger, or a circular hot-air pipeline which is arranged outside a moisture-regaining chamber are communicated with the moisture-regaining chamber through a moist-heat air pipe. The moisture-regaining method has the advantages that: 1. the method is suitable for high-grade materials; 2. the method is particularly suitable for small-batch single material; 3. the method produces less crumbs to the materials; and 4. the method can achieve balance in shorter time. The device has the advantages of special and reasonable design, simple structure, easy implementation and convenient operation.

A high-efficiency slim cigarette storage method for re-drying finished cigarette packets relates to a slim cigarette storage method in the tobacco industry, in particular to the high-efficiency slim cigarette storage process for the finished cigarette packets in threshing and re-drying production in the tobacco industry. The method includes the steps: a, pre-pressing and packaging; b, automatically warehousing in; c, storing slim cigarettes; and d, automatically warehousing out. The method has the main advantages that 1, the cigarette packets are stacked in the form of one-four packets / unit to be stored and conveyed, so that conveying flow can be effectively reduced; 2, building of high-rise storage rack warehouses is facilitated, space resources can be used to the maximum extent by means of stacker technology, investment is saved, automation degree level is high, and management is facilitated; 3, the slim cigarette efficiency is improved beneficially, and the quality of tobacco leaves can be better guaranteed; 4, investment cost is effectively reduced by the aid of pallet-free storage; 5, information tracking in the whole course is facilitated, and information traceability is improved; and 6, an advanced logistic system is formed beneficially, and the automated management level of enterprises is improved.

The invention relates to complex adhesive, which is prepared by polymerizing the following raw materials: hard monomer, soft monomer, functional monomer, compound emulsifier, pH buffer, initiator, functional additive, viscosity regulator and de-ionized water. The invention further provides a preparation method for the complex adhesive. Because of adopting aqueous medium, the complex adhesive of the invention has no pollution and removes damages on production staff and users by harmful organic solvent, and has no formaldehyde generated, so as to fully meet the demands in food and tobacco industries; semitransparent water-emulsion adhesives, which have particle diameters in double-peak distribution and reach nanoscale, are prepared by the free radical emulsion conjugation reaction of a special process. With good leveling, easy film formation and good dry film flatness, the semitransparent water-emulsion adhesives can permeate into card paper well and have excellent cohesive force with base material. The cohesive force and folding resistance of the adhesives and the base material can be greatly improved by introducing functional hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Good leveling is achieved and composite flatness is improved by adding different aqueous additives.