The invention relates to an epoxy resin based neutron and gamma ray shielding composite material, as well as a preparation method and an application thereof, belonging to the technical field of shielding materials, used for solving the following technical problems that the shielding property of a shielding material in the prior art is difficultly combined with other physical and mechanical properties; requirements of application flexibility and construction diversity cannot be satisfied; and furthermore, the preparation process is complex. The epoxy resin based neutron and gamma ray shielding composite material is composed of the following components in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of epoxy resin, 2-9 parts of a curing agent, 1-10 parts of a fast neutron moderator, 2-20 parts of a thermal neutron absorber, 65-85 parts of a gamma ray shielding agent, 0-3 parts of an inert diluent, 0-3 parts of an active diluent, 0-2 parts of an accelerant, and 0.5-5 parts of auxiliaries. The epoxy resin based neutron and gamma ray shielding composite material has excellent neutron and gamma ray mixing-field shielding property; furthermore, the epoxy resin based neutron and gamma ray shielding composite material is low in toxicity, free from smell, simple in preparation process and convenient to construct; and thus, the epoxy resin based neutron and gamma ray shielding composite material can be widely applied in various fields of strict radiation-resistant requirements.