The invention discloses a method for improving the interface performance of a resin matrix and carbon fibers, and belongs to the field of composite materials. Graphene oxide is adopted to modify the surface interface of the carbon fibers, so that a carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material with high interface shear strength and interlayer shear strength is obtained. The carbon fiber reinforced resin-based composite material is prepared from graphene oxide modified carbon fibers, a resin matrix and a curing agent as raw materials, and the graphene oxide modified carbon fibers are obtained from graphene oxide modified carbon fibers with the transverse size of 50-50000 nm. The method has outstanding advantages in the aspect of enhancing the interface performance of the carbon fiber composite material, can meet the high-temperature forming requirement of high-heat-resistance resin, and has important application prospects in preparation of various high-performance resin-based composite materials. The graphene oxide modified carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material is excellent in interlaminar shear performance and can be applied to the fields of aerospace, rail transit, automobiles, energy sources, ships and the like.