The invention relates to a method for producing high-strength thin strip steel in a short process. Twin roll strip casting is adopted for producing an atmospheric-corrosion-resistant steel casting belt containing a rare earth element Re, hot rolling, cooling and anti-oxidation intensive cooling scale removing are performed on the steel casting belt, and then the steel casting belt is reeled up after being straightened, wherein in the hot rolling process of the strip steel, rolling reduction is not smaller than 20%, and finishing rolling temperature is 850-1000 DEG C; then, a staged cooling mode of atomization cooling plus anti-oxidation intensive cooling ( spraying dry ice) is adopted, and intensive cooling is carried out on the high-temperature strip steel, wherein the cooling rate in the atomization cooling process is 50-100 DEG C / s, and the cooling rate in the anti-oxidation intensive cooling process is 100-200 DEG C / s. In this way, through the combined type staged cooling, the uniform steel of a bainite microscopic structure can be obtained, and the bainite structure can remarkably improve the toughness of the steel. The method is especially applicable to atmospheric-corrosion-resistant high-strength thin strip steel with the surface roughness Ra smaller than 2 microns, the thickness of typical strip steel is 0.8-1.6mm, and the strip steel can be supplied in a hot mode instead of a cool mode.