The invention belongs to the technical field of heat insulation materials, and discloses a preparation method of an alumina-silica airgel heat insulation composite material. The preparation method of the invention adopts alumina and silica sol with water as a solvent, and inorganic ceramic fibers as Reinforcement phase, through six simple process steps of preparing fiber prefabricated parts, preparing alumina-silica sol, vacuum impregnation, gel aging, hydrothermal assisted drying, and drying, a high-temperature resistant, low thermal conductivity, high-strength oxidation Aluminum-silica airgel thermal insulation composites. The preparation method of the material adopts raw materials without organic aluminum / inorganic aluminum / organosilicon compounds. During the preparation process, there is no organic solvent replacement and no flammable and explosive ethanol solvent is used as a drying medium. The raw materials and preparation process are green, environmentally friendly and safe. The manufacturing cost is low, and it is easy for mass production and large-scale application.