4820 results about "Thermal decomposition" patented technology

A smokable rod for a smoking article, such as a cigarette, possesses a co-axial or concentric construction. A longitudinally extending inner core of tobacco cut filler is positioned within a smokable rod. The outer material that circumscribes the inner core in an annular fashion is composed of a tobacco material treated with an optional burn suppressing agent, and the outer material acts as a substrate for an aerosol forming material. A preferred aerosol forming material is glycerin. An outer paper wrapper circumscribes the length of the smokable rod, and another paper wrapping material also can circumscribe the inner core material. In use, one end of the smokable rod is lit. When the opposite end of the smokable rod is drawn upon, an aerosol composed of tobacco smoke, thermal decomposition products of tobacco, and volatilized aerosol forming material, is provided. Alternatively, a smokable rod can be provided by positioning the tobacco cut filler in the outer annular region, and by constructing the inner core portion using the tobacco material treated with aerosol forming material and an optional burn suppressing agent. Alternatively, a smokable rod possesses a single blend of smokable materials; at least a portion the smokable material being a tobacco material carrying a relatively high amount of aerosol forming material; and optionally at least a portion of the smokable material being in intimate contact with a burn suppressing agent. A filtered cigarette can be produced by attaching a filter element to one end of any of those smokable rods.

Embodiments of the invention generally provide methods for depositing metal-containing materials and compositions thereof. The methods include deposition processes that form metal, metal carbide, metal silicide, metal nitride, and metal carbide derivatives by a vapor deposition process, including thermal decomposition, CVD, pulsed-CVD, or ALD. In one embodiment, a method for processing a substrate is provided which includes depositing a dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than 10, forming a feature definition in the dielectric material, depositing a work function material conformally on the sidewalls and bottom of the feature definition, and depositing a metal gate fill material on the work function material to fill the feature definition, wherein the work function material is deposited by reacting at least one metal-halide precursor having the formula MX_Y, wherein M is tantalum, hafnium, titanium, and lanthanum, X is a halide selected from the group of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine, and y is from 3 to 5.

The present invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of thin films on substrates such as wafers and flat panel displays. The invention provides an ALD reactor comprising a first temperature regulating system to control the temperature of the substrate and a second temperature regulating system to independently control the temperature of the reaction chamber walls. The invention also provides a method for ALD of a film onto a substrate in a reaction chamber, in which the temperature of the substrate is maintained to maximize ALD on the substrate while the temperature of the reaction chamber walls is set to minimize film growth thereon, whether by ALD, condensation, physisorption or thermal decomposition. The temperature of the walls may be maintained at the same temperature as the substrate, or higher or lower than the substrate temperature, depending upon the particular reaction being used.

In discharging a source gas from a first process gas nozzle, rectifying members including a coolant flow passage provided in a concertinaing manner therein are arranged both sides of the first process gas nozzle. Then, a coolant at a temperature higher than a liquefaction temperature of the source gas and lower than a thermal decomposition temperature of the source gas is flown through the coolant flow passage, by which the first process gas nozzle is cooled through the rectifying member.

Method of modifying the surface properties of a substrate by depositing a coating of hydrogenated amorphous silicon on the surface of the substrate and functionalizing the coated substrate by exposing the substrate to a binding reagent having at least one unsaturated hydrocarbon group under pressure and elevated temperature for an effective length of time. The hydrogenated amorphous silicon coating is deposited by exposing the substrate to silicon hydride gas under pressure and elevated temperature for an effective length of time.

A new method for the removal of environmental compounds from gaseous streams, in particular, flue gas streams. The new method involves first oxidizing some or all of the acid anhydrides contained in the gas stream such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) to sulfur trioxide (SO₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The gas stream is subsequently treated with aqua ammonia or ammonium hydroxide which captures the compounds via chemical absorption through acid-base or neutralization reactions. The products of the reactions can be collected as slurries, dewatered, and dried for use as fertilizers, or once the slurries have been dewatered, used directly as fertilizers. The ammonium hydroxide can be regenerated and recycled for use via thermal decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate, one of the products formed. There are alternative embodiments which entail stoichiometric scrubbing of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides with subsequent separate scrubbing of carbon dioxide.

Compositions and methods for forming hydrocarbon products from triglycerides are disclosed. In one aspect, the methods involve the thermal decomposition of fatty acids, which can be derived from the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The thermal decomposition products can be combined with low molecular weight olefins, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, and subjected to molecular averaging reactions. Alternatively, the products can be subjected to hydrocracking reactions, isomerization reactions, and the like. The products can be isolated in the gasoline, jet and/or diesel fuel ranges. Thus, vegetable oils and/or animal fats can be converted using water, catalysts, and heat, into conventional products in the gasoline, jet and/or diesel fuel ranges. These products are virtually indistinguishable from those derived from their petroleum-based analogs, except that they can have virtually no aromatic, sulfur or nitrogen content, they are derived, in whole or in part, from renewable resources, and can also be derived from domestically available coal and/or natural gas.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a method and a system for processing oil field wastes. The method for processing the oil field wastes comprises the following steps: conveying initial materials to a heating cavity, and heating the heating cavity by using high-temperature flue gas, so as to obtain mixed steam and solid residues; carrying out condensation and separation on the mixed steam, so as to obtain oil, water and a noncondensable gas, wherein the oil and the noncondensable gas are used for combusting to obtain the high-temperature flue gas, and the solid residues are discharged out of the heating cavity. According to the method, the heating cavity is indirectly heated by using the high-temperature flue gas, so that the initial materials inside the heating cavity are subjected to thermal decomposition, solid residues free of oil, the noncondensable gas and oil are obtained from the mixed steam generated by thermal decomposition after a series of treatments, and then the noncondensable gas and oil are used for combusting to generate the high-temperature flue gas. Compared with the prior art, the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that decomposition is carried out without adding a cracking agent, and thermal decomposition can be directly carried out on the oil field wastes in different regions, therefore, the method and the system are better in universality.

The invention discloses a thermal decomposition device of oil field wastes. The thermal decomposition device comprises a casing, wherein a flue and a heating cavity are formed inside the casing; the heating cavity is isolated from the flue; ribs are arranged on the casing with the heating cavity. Fume inside the flue flashes the casing with the heating cavity, so that the heat can be conducted; due to adoption of the ribs on the casing with the heating cavity, the heat exchange area is effectively increased when being compared with that of the prior art, and the heat exchange efficiency of the thermal decomposition device is improved.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a thermal decomposition device of oil field wastes. The thermal decomposition device comprises a casing, wherein a flue and a heating cavity are formed inside the casing; the heating cavity is isolated from the flue. The oil field waste thermal decomposition device is characterized in that a plurality of partitioning plates are arranged on the inner wall of the casing; the flue is of a snakelike structure through the adoption of the partitioning plates. Through the adoption of the partitioning plates on the inner wall of the casing of the thermal decomposition device disclosed by the invention, the flue inside the casing is of the snakelike structure, so that the flowing direction and the flowing speed of fume are changed, the turbulent flow effect is improved, the retention time is prolonged, and the heat exchange efficiency of the heating cavity and the fume is improved.

A method and coating are provided for temporarily protecting a substrate or article during shipping, handling or storage by applying a removable protective coating over at least a portion of the substrate. The substrate may be flat or curved and may have zero, one or more functional coatings. A plurality of substrates with the protective coating of the invention may be arranged in a shipping container so that the protective coating reduces the possibility of damage to the substrate or optional functional coating. In one embodiment, the protective coating is the evaporation or reaction product of an aqueous coating composition containing a polyvinyl alcohol polymer which may be subsequently removed by aqueous washing, thermal decomposition or combustion. In another embodiment, the protective coating is formed by sputtering a substantially carbon coating onto the substrate. The carbon coating is subsequently removed by combustion. The protective coating may have identification materials, such as colorants or fragrance materials, such that different types of substrates and/or functional coatings can be distinguished from each other. Additionally, the temporary protective coating can improve the heating of a functionally coated glass substrate.

A method to prepare porous medium decorated with nanoparticles involves contacting a suspension of nanoparticles in an ionic liquid with a porous medium such that the particles diffuse into the pores of the medium followed by heating the resulting composition to a temperature equal to or greater than the thermal decomposition temperature of the ionic liquid resulting in the removal of the liquid portion of the suspension. The nanoparticles can be a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound. The resulting compositions can be used as catalysts, sensors, or separators.

A kind of mining oil gas method of the convection heating up oil-shale, involves the underground solid state energy and the mineral mining method improvement. The existing technical mining method efficiency is low, the cost is high, the scale is small, the big area implements and lacks the market competition ability with difficulty. This invention through in the ground arrangement group well, and selects the compression fracture method causes the group well to be interlinked, then the gap takes turns to choose the note hot-well and work-well, hot-well pours into 400 deg.C - 700 deg.C steam along the note oil-shale the ore level, heats up the ore level causes cheese root thermal decomposition to form the oil gas, and carries after the low temperature steam or the water along the production separates to the ground, finally forms the oil gas product. In the separation process may simultaneously the pre- hot water, and uses the water-injection well withdraws with work-well the convection way dries up oil-shale and the ore level around shale region afterheat, thus realized the goal of this invention is fast, big scale, low cost from oil-shale ore level mining oil gas.

The invention relates to a graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber. The graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber is prepared by mixing an oxidized graphene solution and a regenerated cellulose solution, molding a mixture through a viscose wet spinning process and reducing the mixture; the dry breaking strength of the graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber is not less than 1.8 cN/dtex, the wet breaking strength of the graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber is not less than 0.9 cN/dtex, the dry breaking elongation of the graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber is not less than 16%, the mass specific resistance of the fiber is 1-9X106 omega.g/cm2, and the thermal decomposition temperature of the fiber is not lower than 400 DEG C; and with the regenerated cellulose fiber as a matrix, the prepared graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber has the advantages of good moisture absorption, good air permeability, soft handle and good dyeing performance and has the characteristics of ultrahigh strength, thermal conductivity, electric conductivity, antibacterial property and the like of the graphene; the conductive and thermal properties of the fiber are both improved by being compared with those of the traditional regenerated cellulose fiber; the antibacterial property of the fiber is additionally provided; and the graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber provided by the invention has the advantages of simple production process, easiness in operation, and higher yield. People estimate that the developed graphene blend regenerated cellulose fiber can be widely applied to the field of costumes, industrial textiles and the like.

The present invention provides a hydrogenation method capable of converting cracked kerosene into the raw materials for petrochemical cracking having a high thermal decomposition yield by a hydrogenation reaction. The present invention is a petrochemical process for producing at least any of ethylene, propylene, butane, benzene or toluene by carrying out a thermal decomposition reaction at least using naphtha for the main raw material, wherein cracked kerosene produced from a thermal cracking furnace is hydrogenated using a Pd or Pt catalyst in a two-stage method consisting of a first stage (I), in which a hydrogenation reaction is carried out within the range of 50 to 180° C., and a second stage (II), in which a hydrogenation reaction is carried out within the range of 230 to 350° C., followed by re-supplying all or a portion of these hydrogenated hydrocarbons to a thermal cracking furnace.

A vaporization system for thin film formation and for introducing vapors into a deposition chamber for depositing films onto a semi-conductor surface has a vaporization chamber that is selectively provided with at least two different, separate, precursor liquids carried in a gas stream that may be a single carrier gas, or a selected one of a plurality of carrier gasses. When the liquids being introduced are likely to be subject to thermal decomposition from contact with high temperature surfaces, an atomizer is used at the inlet of the vaporization chamber to provide an aerosol to the vaporization chamber from one or more individual sources of liquid combined with one or more individual carrier gasses for simultaneous or sequential introduction into the vaporization chamber. The vaporization chamber may be designed to insure complete vaporization by incorporating a recirculating gas flow through heated passageways before the vaporized gas/vapor mixture exits the vaporization chamber.

The invention relates to a soil pollution thermal desorption restoration processing system, which belongs to a soil restoration processing system. The system comprises a feed system, a heat source system and a control system, and is characterized by further comprising a thermal desorption system and a tail gas processing device, wherein the thermal desorption system consists of a draught fan and a thermal extraction converter, and the tail gas processing device consists of a dust remover and an absorption tower. When the system is applied to processing polluted soil with main pollutants of volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds, compared with the like products in other countries, the equipment cost is only 1/3 to 1/5 of the same; the problem of secondary pollution probably brought about in the process of processing the polluted soil is thoroughly avoided; a temperature control system has better practicability; the running cost for each ton of the polluted soil is between 300 and 500 RMB, which is far low than the processing cost for hazardous landfilling and incineration of the polluted soil; and half of the purification effect of processing the polluted soil with the main pollutants of the volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds can reach between 70 and 80 percent.

The invention relates to a multi-channel chip for cholera diagnosis based on a structural conductive macromolecular material technology, belonging to the test field. The invention aims to aid rapid and low-cost fulminating infectious disease cholera diagnosis which is one of medical technical progress expectations. The chip is provided with three micro liquid storage tanks and is characterized bycomprising capillary channels in parallel construction containing four micro channels mutually connected in parallel; four fibrous working electrodes are respectively mounted in the four micro channels; and four antibody substances, i.e. a cholera TP0821 antibody, a cholera TP0319 antibody, a cholera TP 0624 antibody and a cholera TP0139 antibody are respectively arranged on the surfaces of the four fibrous working electrodes which are originally made of a thermal-decomposition conductive macromolecular material. The chip has low cost and multiple channels.

The invention discloses a process for integrally heated continuous preparing biomass pyrolysis gasification gas and a rotary furnace utilized by the same. At a furnace tail cooling section, red charcoal at a temperature of 600-800 DEG C after pyrolyzing and destructive distilling reacts with steam generated by cooling spray water on the lower portion in the furnace so as to absorb large quantities of heat and simultaneously generate water gas and semi-water gas. Heat generated by burning recycled gas and air is used for maintaining pyrolysis temperature of biomass material layers and providesenough heat for further, pyrolysis, destructive distillation and steam decomposition reaction. By aid of the heat, biomass inside the furnace is pyrolyzed and destructively distilled to generate large quantities of volatile matters, and the biomass is gradually heated to decompose destructive gas with high heat value. The rotary furnace utilizes a three-section design: a first section is a furnace head preheating section, which is mainly used for preheating and drying raw materials, a second section is a rotary furnace body pyrolysis section, which is mainly used for pyrolysis and destructivedistillation and is a core operation portion of the furnace, and a third section is a furnace tail cooling section, which is mainly used for cooling charcoal. Prepared gas is high in heat value, and devices occupy small space.

The invention discloses a resin composition and a use thereof. The resin composition comprises modified polyphenyl ether and organic silicon compound containing an unsaturated double bond. The invention further discloses a manufacturing method for a high frequency circuit base plate by the resin composition and a high frequency circuit base plate manufactured by the manufacturing method. The high frequency circuit base plate has a high glass transition temperature, a high thermal decomposition temperature, high interlayer bonding force, a low dielectric constant and tangent low-medium loss, and is very suitable for being used as a circuit base plate of a high frequency electronic device.

A platinum/Rhodium resistance thermal probe is used as an active device which acts both as a highly localized heat source and as a detector to perform localized differential calorimetry, by thermally inducing and detecting events such as glass transitions, meltings, recystallizations and thermal decomposition within volumes of material estimated at a few mu m3. Furthermore, the probe is used to image variations in thermal conductivity and diffusivity, to perform depth profiling and sub-surface imaging. The maximum depth of the sample that is imaged is controlled by generating and detecting evanescent temperature waves in the sample.

Compositions containing strontium fortified calcium nanoparticles and/or microparticles, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The strontium fortified calcium compounds contain calcium ions, calcium atoms, strontium ions, strontium atoms, and combinations thereof and one or more anions. Exemplary anions include, but are not limited to, citrate, phosphate, carbonate, and combinations thereof. The particles can be formulated for enteral or parenteral administration by incorporating the particles into a pharmaceutically carrier. The compositions can further contain one or more active agents useful for bone diseases or disorders, such as vitamin D, growth factors, and combinations thereof. The compositions can be used to treat or prevent one or more bone diseases or disorders of the bone, such as osteoporosis. Alternatively, the particles can be coated onto a substrate, such as the surface of an implant. The coatings can be used to improved biocompatibility of the implant, prevent loosening of the implant, reducing leaching of metal ions from metallic implants, and reduce corrosion. The coatings can be applied to the substrate using a variety of techniques well known in the art. In one embodiment, the coating is applied using electrophoretic deposition. The use of nano- and/or microparticles that provide high surface area helps to improve interfacial strength between the coating and the implant, which allows for the use of lower sintering temperatures. Lowering sintering temperatures minimizes or prevents thermal decomposition of the coating material and/or degradation of the implant material.