The present invention relates to a molybdenum sulfide / graphene-graphene nano-belts aerogel composite material preparation method, which comprises: dispersing oxidized graphene in deionized water, and carrying out an ultrasonic treatment to obtain an oxidized graphene dispersing liquid; adding an oxidized graphene nano-belt dispersing liquid into the oxidized graphene dispersing liquid in a dropwise manner, stirring to obtain a mixed liquid, freezing with liquid nitrogen to obtain a solid, and carrying out freeze-drying to obtain the precursor of a graphene-graphene nano-belt gel; adding ammonium thiomolybdate to a solvent, and carrying out an ultrasonic treatment to obtain an ammonium thiomolybdate solution; and adding the precursor of the graphene-graphene nano-belt gel to the solution, standing, and carrying out a solvothermal reaction to obtain the molybdenum sulfide / graphene-graphene nano-belts aerogel composite material. According to the present invention, the method has characteristics of simple operation, easy control, low cost, no pollution, and easy large-scale production; and the prepared porous carbon nanometer aerogel has advantages of large specific surface area, stable chemical property, good conductivity, adjustable pore size, and the like.