The invention discloses a SiO2-precious metal nano composite material of a core-shell structure and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing amino silicon dioxide nano particles; S2, generation of noble metal nanoparticles on the surfaces of the amino silicon dioxide nanoparticles: S21, adding the amino silicon dioxide nanoparticles preparedin S1 into ultrapure water, and performing ultrasonic treatment at room temperature for 2-4 minutes to uniformly disperse the nanoparticles; S22, under an ice bath condition, adding a noble metal acid aqueous solution into the dispersion liquid in the step S21, and stirring for 2-4 minutes; S23, adding sodium citrate into the solution stirred in the step S22, stirring for 2-4 minutes, then addinga NaBH4 solution, and continuously stirring for 4-8 minutes; and S24, carrying out centrifugal treatment on the solution obtained after the reaction in the step S23, and then respectively dissolvingethanol and washing with water twice to obtain the SiO2 and precious metal composite nanoparticles. The composite nanoparticle has very strong absorption strength in an ultraviolet visible region, isan excellent nano-functional composite material, can be used for constructing a detection platform based on electrochemiluminescence or fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and is used for quantitative detection of a target object and the like.