The invention claims to protect a dual-wavelength tunable short pulse fiber laser, mainly including pumping sources (1)(10), wavelength division multiplexers (2)(4)(6)(11), gain fiber (3)(12), a graphene saturable absorber (5), fiber couplers (7)(13), circulators (16)(17), reflection type adjustable filters (8)(14) and broadband fiber environments (9)(15) formed by 50:50 fiber couplers. The dual-wavelength tunable short pulse fiber laser provided by the invention adopts a double-ring cavity or double-linear cavity structure, the wavelength division multiplexers (4)(6) and the graphene saturable absorber (5) serve as a common branch of the double-ring cavity or double-linear cavity structure, utilizes the advantages of wide wavelength absorption range, smooth absorption, low saturation intensity and ultrafast recovery time of the graphene saturable absorber, and combined with the reflection type adjustable filters, stable output of synchronous short pulses with tunable single wavelengths and large dual-wavelength intervals of the fiber laser can be realized.