A steel rail induction butt welding and heat treatment device comprises an induction welding device, a PLC control system, a hydraulic system, a cooling system, an induction heating power supply and an air spray system. The induction welding device comprises a first group of clip bodies, a second group of clip bodies, a central shaft, a clamping oil cylinder, an upsetting oil cylinder, a protrusion pushing device and a jaw. A left installation plate and a right installation plate are arranged between the first group of clip bodies and the second group of clip bodies, and corresponding locating oil cylinders are arranged on the left installation plate and the right installation plate. The induction welding device further comprises an opening and closing induction heating coil, an electrode structure is fixed on the left installation plate or the right installation plate, auxiliary oil cylinders are arranged on the second group of clip bodies, piston rods of the two auxiliary oil cylinders are respectively connected with nozzles, a locating part is arranged at the lower portion of the central shaft, and a displacement sensor and a temperature sensor are both electrically connected with the PLC control system. The steel rail induction butt welding and heat treatment device is automatic in operation and high in efficiency.