The invention provides a method for simultaneously detecting main components of paeoniflorin, beta ecdysterone, laetrile, mulberroside A, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, astragaloside, formononetin, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA of a Naoxintong capsule in a plasma sample by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS / MS). In a liquid chromatogram, a mobile phase consists of acetonitrile and a formic acid aqueous solution of which the volume fraction is 0.1%, and gradient elution is used. A mass spectrum uses a quick positive and negative ions switching and analyzing mode and an MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) scanning manner. After the Naoxintong capsule is taken, the situations of the changes of the blood-medicine concentration of several kinds of main components in the plasma of a rat are detected at the same time. The methodological survey results indicate that the established method conforms to determination requirements on biological samples in a body; the method is good in sensitivity, high in specificity, stable, reliable, and suitable for detecting substances with lower contents.