The invention provides a method for simultaneously detecting multiple index components in a vigor-preserving decoction preparation. The vigor-preserving decoction preparation comprises the following index components: ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, calycosin-7-glucoside, calycosin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin and cinnamic acid. Detection is conducted according to the following high performance liquid chromatography conditions: a chromatographic column is an octadecyl bonded silica gel chromatographic column; the detection wavelength ofa DAD detector is 201-205 nm, 258-262 nm, 288-292 nm and 358-362 nm; and the mobile phase A is acetonitrile, the mobile phase B is an ammonium acetate buffer solution, and gradient elution is conducted. According to the provided detection method, effective separation of the multiple index components can be realized, and the provided method is found to be sensitive, accurate and relatively good inreproducibility through methodology research and verification of specificity, sensitivity and the like.