49 results about "Powellite" patented technology

The invention discloses a preparation method of a silver phosphate composite photocatalyst for treating malachite green in water. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) performing ultrasonictreatment on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) treated by HNO3 for 2-5 h; (2) dropwise adding an AgNO3 solution to a MWCNTs solution and performing stirring in the dark for 6-20 h; (3) adding Na2HPO4.12H2O dropwise to the above solution, performing stirring in the dark for 1 to 6 hours, and then performing vacuum drying; (4) uniformly mixing [(CH3)2CHO]4Ti, Sr(Ac)2 and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O with a molar ratio of 20:19:1 in an ethylene glycol solution, performing continuous stirring at 120-160 DEG C until the solution becomes a powder; (5) mixing the obtained powder with NaOH solution with a concentration of 2-6 mol / L under stirring for 20-60 min, placing the mixture in a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and performing a reaction at 180 DEG C for 30-40 h; and (6) performing ultrasonic treatmenton MWCNTs@Ag3PO4 for 10 to 60 min, adding a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, performing stirring for 20-60 min, adding the ultrasonically-treated Cr:SrTiO3 dropwise to the above stirred solution, performing a reaction for 3-8 hours, and performing washing and drying, so as to obtain Ag3PO4@MWCNTs@Cr:SrTiO3. The material prepared by the preparation method of the invention has the advantages of friendliness to environment, economy, good visible light catalytic performance and the like.

The invention relates to a malachite green molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction filler and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: fully mixing a hydrophobic alkene monomer, malachite green and an oil-soluble initiator to form an oil-phase fluid which is uniformly distributed; and smashing and dispersing the oil-phase fluid into oil drops of uniform sizes with a jet suspension polymerization method, forming a uniform O / W suspension in a water phase, polymerizing at a constant temperature to obtain malachite green polymer compound microspheres, and removing malachite green template molecules to obtain the solid phase extraction filler. The solid phase extraction filler prepared with the method has uniform particle diameter, stable chemical property and high selectivity and high yield when used for detecting the residues of malachite green in foods.

The invention relates to an in-situ preparation method of a zinc phthalocyanine / carbon nanotube composite catalyst based on a solvothermal method. The in-situ preparation method comprises the steps of pretreating a carbon nanotube: adding concentrated nitric acid to the carbon nanotube, flowing back, heating, mixing, cooling, washing with water to be neutral, performing suction filtration, and drying; preparing the zinc phthalocyanine / carbon nanotube composite catalyst: adding the carbon nanotube, phthalonitrile, octan zinecnaty, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] hendecane-7-alkene and the carbon nanotube to a beaker, adding a solvent, mixing for 30 minutes, and then pouring into a reaction still for solvothermal reaction. The in-situ preparation method has the beneficial effects that the used solvent is low in price and is easy to obtain, and no environmental pollution is generated; the preparation method of the zinc phthalocyanine / carbon nanotube is simple, the reaction time is short, the aftertreatment is easy, and industrial production is facilitated; effective degradation of pollutants malachite green is realized, and the photocatalytic activity is obviously better than that of pure zinc phthalocyanine particles.

The invention provides a screening method of a total lead content in a textile. The method comprises the steps of (1) cutting 0.5g of textile coating into pieces; (2) adding 5mL of concentrated nitric acid and 1mL of hydrogen peroxide, carrying out wet digestion for 40 to 60min under an environment with the temperature being 150 to 170 DEG C, and cooling to the room temperature; (3) filtering, and adding 3mL of strong sodium hydroxide solution into a filter liquor; (4) using dilute nitric acid and a dilute sodium hydroxide solution to adjust a pH value of the filter liquor to 3.0 to 4.5, respectively adding 0.5mL of ascorbic acid solution, 1mL of potassium iodide solution and 0.4mL of malachite green solution into the filter liquor, filling to volume being 10mL, and after uniformly mixing, determining the total lead content in the textile according to a lead solution developing entity. The method is simple to operate, low in cost, and capable of quickly determining the total lead content in the textile through a malachite green complexation developing method and a visual colorimetric method, and has a favorable application prospect.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an alkali lignin-based adsorbing material modified by sodium glutamate and an application in removal of wastewater dyes. The preparation method comprises the steps of purifying the alkali lignin, modifying alkali lignin by using sodium glutamate, and the like. The application is characterized in that the alkali lignin-based adsorbing material is used for simultaneously adsorbing malachite green of a cationic dye and eosin-B of an anionic dye, and comprises the following steps of adding the alkali lignin-based adsorbing material modified by sodium glutamate into a water solution with pH (potential of hydrogen) value of 2 to 7, wherein the water solution contains 10 to 100mg L<-1> of malachite green or eosin-B; adsorbing for 0.5 to 7.5h at the temperature of 15 to 55 DEG C, centrifuging and separating, adjusting a filtrate to the neutral condition, and draining. The preparation method has the advantages that the method of using the alkali lignin-based adsorbing material to remove the malachite green of the cationic dye and the eosin-B of the anionic dye in the wastewater is simple and feasible, the secondary pollution to environments is avoided, and the application prospect is good.

The invention belongs to the field of function coordination polymer materials, and relates to a fluorescent coordination polymer material for adsorbing malachite green dye and a thermal synthesis method thereof. 1, 3-bis(4 '-carboxyl phenoxy) benzoic acid (called H3cpbda for short) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridine)-ethane (called bpa for short) are mainly used as organic ligand raw materials to react with metal cadmium salt and the like, and the novel coordination polymer material with fluorescence and dye adsorption performance is prepared through the improved step-by-step preprocessed solvent thermal synthesis method. The fluorescent coordination polymer material has the advantages of being high in synthesis yield, purity and crystal quality.

The invention discloses zinc-aluminum hydrotalcite with book-page morphology, and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of functional materials. Hydrotalciteprepared by the existing preparation method of zinc-aluminum hydrotalcite is in a shape of irregular flakes or hexagonal flaky microcrystal powder, special morphology cannot be obtained, and morphology cannot be synthesized controlled controllably. In order to solve the problem, the invention provides the hydrothermal synthesis method, and the growth size and the layer spacing of the material canbe controlled through regulating and controlling the reaction time, the reaction temperature and the concentration of reactants, so that preparation is controllable. The zinc-aluminum hydrotalcite with book-page morphology prepared by the method has a layered structure, is high in crystallinity and high in catalytic efficiency and can be used in a catalytic reaction of malachite green, and the degradation rate of the dye malachite green can reach 91% in 20 minutes.

The invention relates to a synthesis method for stable isotope labeled malachite green. The stable isotope labeled malachite green is obtained by the steps of reacting stable isotope labeled N, N-dimethylaniline with a coupling agent and benzaldehyde, introducing mixed gas of NO and NO2, and separating and purifying after the reaction is finished. Compared with the prior art, after the stable isotope labeled malachite green prepared by the method is separated and purified, the chemical purity reaches over 99 percent and the isotope abundance is over 98 percent atom.

The invention provides Pickering malachite green molecular imprinting polymers as well as a preparation method and an application thereof. The preparation method of the molecular imprinting polymers comprises steps as follows: nano-silica, functional monomers and a small amount of surfactant in a certain ratio are mixed to form an aqueous phase solution, a cross linking agent, a pore forming agent and an initiator in a certain ratio are mixed to form an oil phase solution, then malachite green is added to the aqueous phase or the oil phase, meanwhile, the aqueous phase or the oil phase is subjected to vortex shaking and even mixing and placed in a water bath for a reaction for a certain period, and polymeric microspheres are obtained; silica is washed away by the aid of hydrofluoric acid, malachite green is washed away by the aid of a solvent, and molecular imprinting microspheres are obtained; the molecular imprinting microspheres are contained in a solid phase extraction column and can be successfully applied to detection of trace malachite green in an aqueous product. According to the preparation method, an inorganic matter is used as a phase interface, a stable microemulsion can be formed through shaking by hand, the environment-friendly effect is realized, the preparation method is simple, demulsification can be avoided in the heating polymerization process, caking in the polymerization process is avoided, and the obtained molecular imprinting polymers are in the shape of microspheres and are high in strength and controllable in particle size.

The invention discloses a lithium battery heat-conducting flame-retardant material. The invention is characterized in that the material is composed of the following components in percentage by weight: 10-50% of epoxy resin and 50-90% of filler. The filler is composed of a ceramic filler and a mixture filler. The mixture filler comprises the following components in parts by weight: 30-40 parts of granite, 10-15 parts of magnetite, 3-5 parts of coal, 2-3 parts of carbon, 3-5 parts of malachite, 3-5 parts of zeolite, 8-10 parts of Mengmoli pumice, 15-20 parts of coal stone, 5-10 parts of gypsum, 8-10 parts of talcum powder and 10-12 parts of silver. The ceramic filler is aluminum oxide ceramic. The weight ratio of the ceramic filler to the mixture filler is 4:1. The material can effectively lower the working temperature of the lithium battery pack, and prevent potential safety hazards caused by overhigh temperature. The material can avoid the problems of internal ignition and the like in the battery, thereby greatly enhancing the safety performance of the battery.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a porous carbon material for adsorbing malachite green in wastewater and particularly relates to a method for preparing the porous carbon material for efficiently adsorbing the malachite green in the wastewater. In the method, wheat husks are taken as raw materials and activation treatment is adopted under certain conditions. The preparation method comprises the specific steps: firstly, drying and crushing the wheat husks, and sufficiently mixing the crushed wheat husks with an activating reagent at a certain mass ratio; and after carrying out the activation treatment under the certain conditions, filtering, washing and drying solids to obtain the porous carbon material. The prepared porous carbon material has the performance of efficiently adsorbing the malachite green. The method has a simple process and the porous carbon material has a good adsorption effect.

The invention discloses a hydrophobic low-eutectic-point solvent based on lidocaine and a preparation method and extraction application of the solvent, and belongs to the technical field of extraction, separation and enrichment of large cationic compounds. The hydrophobic low-eutectic-point solvent based on lidocaine is characterized in that the hydrophobic low-eutectic-point solvent is synthesized from lidocaine serving as a hydrogen bond acceptor and n-octyl p-hydroxybenzoate serving as a hydrogen bond donor in the molar ratio of 1:(0.25-3). The invention particularly discloses the preparation method of the hydrophobic low-eutectic-point solvent based on lidocaine and application of the solvent in extraction of rhodamine B, methyl violet or / and malachite green in an aqueous solution. When used as an extraction agent, the prepared hydrophobic low-eutectic-point solvent has the advantages of being easy to synthesize, stable in performance, low in toxicity, high in extraction efficiency and the like.

The invention provides a method for detecting MG based on an Au-Ag NPs composite material, and belongs to the field of nano-technology and food safety detection. Preparation of a dendritic Au-Ag NPs active substrate relates to preparation of Ag seeds nano-sol and Galvani replacement reaction with HAuCl4, and then, hydroquinone (HQ) serves a reducing agent to promote the formation of a dendritic structure. During a synthesizing process, the adding amounts of the Ag seeds, the HAuCl4 and the HQ are selected, the nano-particles with optimal size and morphology are obtained to serve as an active substrate, and the MG is detected through a surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS) technology. The active substrate obtained by the method has the advantages of high SERS enhancement property, high reproducibility and the like. An MG detecting result shows that the method provided by the invention can detect the content of the MG in fish sensitively, quickly and effectively, and the lowest detecting content is 0.05 ng / g.

The invention discloses a method for preparing melem capable of degrading various dyes. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, melamine is put into a corundum ark, a cover is applied, the corundum ark is put into a sealed tube furnace, and vacuum pumping and argon introduction are carried out for normal pressure restoration, wherein the flow speed of argon ranges from 40 sccm to 60 sccm, the sintering temperature ranges from 400 DEG C to 500 DEG C, both of the temperature rise rate and the cooling rate range from 8 DEG C / min to 15 EDG C / min, and the temperature preservation time ranges from 1.5 h to 10 h; a product is ground and collected. According to the method, the one-step sintering method is adopted for preparing melem, the needed sintering temperature is low, the preparing cycle is short, and prepared melem can be used for catalyzing degradation of rhodamine B, methyl orange, Congo red, methylene blue, methyl blue, malachite green and other dyes under illumination of mercury lamps. The method is simple and easy to implement and popularize.

A bimetallic modified magnetic biomass activated carbon adsorbent, its preparation method and application in waste water treatment are disclosed. Peanut hull is taken as raw material, the binary mixedsystem of FeCl3.6H2O and MgCl2.6H2O is introduced as magnetizing material, and CO2 is used as physical activator. The activation and magnetization steps are completed at one time by impregnation andheat treatment. The preparation process of magnetic activated carbon is simplified and the magnetic activated carbon is modified. The prepared Fe-Mg bimetallic magnetic activated carbon is used to treat cationic dyestuff wastewater. The invention utilizes biomass agricultural and forestry wastes to treat dye wastewater, and the preparation process is simple, the cost is low, and the environmentalpollution is small. Fe3O4 / MgO composite nanoparticles are formed by the introduction of binary system, especially suitable for the adsorption of malachite green dye, and the adsorbent is easy to recover, and the pH requirement of the actual wastewater is low, and the adsorbent is favorable for large-scale industrial application.

The invention relates to a preparation method of an ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber array material and an application of the material in electrochemical sensing analysis of malachite green. The invention discloses the method for preparing the ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber array material by using crab shells as a carbon source to carry out calcining in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple, is low in energy consumption, and has cheap and easily available raw materials, and the method for producing the functional material by utilizing environmental waste conforms to the national advocate of garbage classification and recycling. The prepared ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber array material is used in electrochemical sensing analysisof malachite green, and rapid, sensitive and high-selectivity detection of malachite green is realized.

The invention discloses an SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) substrate taking insoluble fiber as a template and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: mixingand stirring micro-nanoscale insoluble porous cellulose serving as a template with a silver nitrate solution of a certain concentration, so that silver particles are fully adsorbed on the surface of the cellulose; performing in-situ reduction on the sliver particles with reducing agents such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium borohydride to form cellulose-nano-silver to serve as the SERS substrate. When the SERS substrate is applied to the detection of malachite green, the SERS substrate has an adsorption effect on the malachite green, and has the effect of further lowering the detection limit of the malachite green. The prepared substrate has high uniformity, and an adsorption effect on target molecules. Meanwhile, the substrate has the best detection state for high-concentration and low-concentration target molecules during dynamic detection.

The invention discloses a composite for color development direct reading rapid detection of malachite green and an application thereof, and belongs to the field of food detection analysis and environmental monitoring. The preparation method ofthe composite comprises the step that (1) a titanium alkoxide solution is prepared; (2) suction filtration is used so that a filter membrane adsorbsthe titanium alkoxide solution in a saturated mode; (3) a potassiumiodate-colloidal silver mixed solution is prepared; and (4) through the sucking filtration, the potassium iodate-colloidal silver solution passes the filter membraneabsorbing the titanium alkoxide solution in the saturated mode prepared in the step (2), a potassium iodate-Ag / nano-titania composite is generated through aone-step sol-gel reaction. According to the composite for color development direct reading rapid detection of malachite green and the application thereof,the potassium iodate-Ag / nano-titania compositeis used as a color developing agent for detecting malachite green in aquatic products or environmental water bodies;by using the potassium iodate-Ag / nano-titania composite as the color developing agent, a good color development substrate is provided, and color development stability is ensured; and time used for color development is greatly shortened while the sensitivity of color development is improved.

The invention provides a preparation method for a Raman active substrate with an adsorbing effect on malachite green. The preparation method for the Raman active substrate preferably comprises the following steps: coating the surface of a metal particle with a layer of an inert semiconductor film, modifying the surface with acrylic acid so as to obtain a metal nanoparticle, and allowing the metalnanoparticle to undergo a reaction with the malachite green and a vinyl monomer in the presence of a crosslinking agent and an initiator so as to obtain a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy active substrate with the adsorbing effect on the malachite green. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy active substrate provided by the invention has specific adsorbing effect on the malachite green, and simplifies a sample preparation step and improves detection sensitivity in actual detection.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a Fe3O4-NH2@AgNPs composite material. The preparation method comprises the steps of preparing silver nanoparticles by using waste tea extract as a stabilizer and a reducing agent; then, using a one-pot method to prepare aminated Fe3O4 nanoparticles; finally, enabling carboxyl groups on the silver nanoparticles to react with amino groups to prepare the nanocomposite material. In the method, the composite material is successfully used for degradation of triphenylmethane dyes, and is stable in performance and reusable, thus having abetter application prospect and practical value. The composite material provided by the invention serves as a catalyst, and can be used for degrading ethyl violet, malachite green and basic fuchsin aqueous solutions in a way of catalytic oxidation by using hydrogen peroxide under the natural light. The degradation rate of ethyl violet reaches 99.1% within 30 minutes, and the degradation rate is still about 98% after 10 cycles of recycling. The degradation rate of malachite green reaches 97%, and the degradation rate of basic fuchsin reaches 98%.

The invention discloses a method for preparing MGO-laccase. The graphene oxide is prepared by a modified Hummers method, and the ferroferric oxide is deposited on the graphene oxide by a coprecipitation technology to obtain magnetic graphene oxide. The CotA laccase from Bacillus subtilis cjp3 is immobilized on magnetic graphene oxide by covalent bonding with EDC / NHS. EDC / NHS is convenient and quick as a cross-linking agent, amino-functionalization is not required on a carrier material, the cost and time of immobilization are reduced, and industrial production is easy to realize. At the same time, MGO-laccase has a large loading range, strong fixing ability and wide pH and temperature suitability. The MGO laccase is applied to the decolorization of a malachite green dye, a decolorization rate can reach as high as 98.5%, the reusability is high, the toxicity is markedly reduced, and the MGO-laccase is a promising composite biocatalyst.

The invention discloses a right front door locking nut plate easy to weld and made of a nickel-containing alloy steel material. The right front door locking nut plate is characterized by comprising the following components: by weight, 500-550 parts of limonite, 400-480 parts of maghemite, 10-20 parts of chalcopyrite, 8-9 parts of malachite, 10-14 parts of maghemite, 5-6 parts of sphalerite, 1-2 parts of stannite, 2-3 parts of cassiterite, 1-2 parts of jamesonite, 2-3 parts of scheelite, 3-4 parts of tantalorutile, 2-4 parts of cinnabar, 8-9 parts of azurite, 20-30 parts of pentlandite and 200-260 parts of nickel ore bio-metallurgical catalyst. In the invention, the utilization rate of nickel is improved by adopting biological metallurgy technology, and the mechanical property of workpiece is improved through several processes.

The invention relates to a green preparation method of manganese dioxide. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a potassium permanganate solution into a pollen suspension to react; after the reaction, filtering, and washing filter residues; drying and crushing the filter residues, and obtaining an intermediate powder product; calcining the intermediate powder product to obtain a final product manganese dioxide. Pollen is adopted as a reducing agent and a biological template, and the potassium permanganate is used as a manganese source to prepare manganese dioxide microcrystals. The pollen can play a role of the reducing agent in the generation of the manganese dioxide, and the pollen and a special granular structure thereof also play a role of the template in generating the manganese dioxide particles. The obtained manganese dioxide product is adopted to photocatalytically degrade malachite green dye, and the catalytic performance is good. The green preparation method is simple in operation, moderate in condition, energy-saving and environment-friendly.

The invention discloses a heat-resisting ceramic for a cooking utensil. The heat-resisting ceramic is prepared from the raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of spinel, 10-20 parts of amazonite, 5-10 parts of apophyllite, 10-15 parts of chrysocolla, 20-25 parts of olivine, 20-30 parts of kaolin, 8-10 parts of silica, 1-3 parts of bentonite, 5-10 parts of graphite, 2-5 parts of ferric nitrate, 1-3 parts of potassium chloride, 2-50 parts of calcium carbonate, 5-10 parts of silicate and 10-15 parts of mica powder. After being sintered at high temperature, the heat-resisting ceramic for the cooking utensil has the characteristics of strong hardness, excellent corrosion resistance, thermal change resistance, thermal shock resistance, impact resistance and the like, is good in stability and is high in using temperature.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a [3-2-(N-ethylphenylamino)ethoxyl] zinc phthalocyanine / attapulgite composite photocatalyst. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: pretreatment of attapulgite, preparation of [3-2-(N-ethylphenylamino)ethoxyl] zinc phthalocyanine and preparation of the [3-2-(N-ethylphenylamino)ethoxyl] zinc phthalocyanine / attapulgite composite photocatalyst. The preparation method has the beneficial effects that the composite photocatalyst is low in preparation cost, high in purity and simple in preparation process; effective degradation to a pollutant of malachite green is realized, the photocatalytic activity is obviously better than that of pure [3-2-(N-ethylphenylamino)ethoxyl] zinc phthalocyanine particles, and the composite photocatalyst can be applied to treatment of the pollutants in the environment.

The invention discloses a magnetic silica porous adsorbent and a preparation method and applications thereof. The preparation method comprises following steps: mixing silica powder and an iron ion solution; adding a hot alkali solution with a temperature of 60 to 80 DEG C to adjust the pH; after complete reactions, cooling the solution to the room temperature, carrying out aging, washing to the product until the product becomes neutral, drying, and grinding to obtain the magnetic silica porous adsorbent. According to the preparation method, an inorganic silicon source namely silica powder is taken as the raw material, silica powder is cheap, easily-available, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly, during the preparation process, no organic waste liquid is generated, the preparation methodis environmentally friendly, a surface deposition method is adopted, one-step synthesis is performed at a low temperature, the reaction time is short, the energy consumption is low during the preparation process, and the cost is low. The magnetic silica porous adsorbent has good selectivity, the maximal methylene blue adsorption quantity is 121.23 mg / g, and the maximal malachite green adsorptionquantity is 163.52 mg / g.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a metal organic complex material for malachite green enrichment and sensing. The preparation method comprises: adding a nitrate, a nitrogenous dicarboxylic acid ligand and a tricarboxylic acid ligand into N,N-dimethylformamide, ultrasonically treating for 10-50 min so that the reactive materials are fully dissolved, pouring into a polytetrafluoroethylene stainless steel reactor, and allowing to react at 80-130 DEG C for 12-36 h; washing the attained material, and drying to obtain the metal organic complex material. The metal organic complex material prepared via the preparation method is a mesoporous material, having high thermal stability and good aqueous stability, having mesopore features and surface special groups, having high adsorbingcapacity and many active sites, can highly adsorb malachite green, can greatly enrich malachite green, can still enrich malachite green after being placed in room-temperature dry environments, allowsproduction cost to be reduced greatly, and has a good application prospect.

The use of malachite green in the form of a tetramethyldiamino-triphenyl-carbinol anhydro-oxalate [(C23H25N2)—(C2HO4)]2—C2H2O4 of the following structural formula as a drug for treating malignant neoplasms administered in a single doze of 1 to 2 g. Malachite green can be used when dissolved in an aqueous solution or in a physiological salt solution or in spirit. In different cases, the malachite green solution is perorally administered before and after a meal or is injected per rectum, or a 1% malachite green solution is intravenously introduced, or the malachite green is applied as a rectal suppository component or as a component of 1-5% ointment. The medicinal agent exhibits an extended range of therapeutic actions with respect to different oncological diseases, is freely available, not expensive, non-toxic, does not generate side effects when used in pharmaceutically acceptable doses, and makes it possible to reduce a treating time and to increase the efficiency of treatment.

The invention relates to a preparation method and a use method of a malachite green solution. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, weighing 6g of malachite green (oxalate) and dissolving into 100ml of 95 percent ethanol; then adding 850ml of purified water for uniformly stirring and filtering by using ordinary filter paper; finally, adding 50ml of glycerol for uniformly stirring and filling into a black or brown bottle for later use. After staining contrast, the malachite green solution subjected to counterstaining has the advantages that acid-fast staining gram-negative bacteria are bluish green, the background is clearer and the advantages are obvious, so that the working efficiency of operators is improved, and wider applicability is realized.