232 results about "Hydrogen bubble" patented technology

The invention discloses a transfer method of graphite film, which belongs to the field of material processing. The method aims at graphite prepared on nickel and other metal films by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD), and employs hydrogen bubble generated by reaction of a dilute acid solution and a metal substrate to separate the graphite layer and the metal substrate. PMMA and other polymers are not needed to cover the upper layer of the graphite for transferring carrier according to the invention, so no pollutants are introduced, and damage of graphite surface is greatly reduced; the peeling process is carried out by a direct chemical reaction between the acidic solution and the metal, thereby realizing separation of graphite on the upper and lower surface of the metal film and the metal film simultaneously with high efficiency and without external power source and electrochemical reaction. The invention has a simple operation technology and does not relate to harmful chemical substances. The metal substrate can be used for multitime with repetition, and the cost is greatly reduced. The invention has a large application value in the industrial field for large scale preparation of graphite.

The invention relates to a fruit and vegetable cleaning machine and belongs to the technical field of electrolysis equipment. The fruit and vegetable cleaning machine comprises a water container and an electrolysis source. At least one electrolysis unit is arranged in the water container. The electrolysis unit comprises at least one pair of negative electrode and positive electrode. The electrolysis source is used for supplying electricity to the negative electrode and the positive electrode. A water-permeable membrane is arranged between the negative electrode and the positive electrode in pair. The water permeating bore diameter of the water-permeable membrane is less than or equal to two millimeters and greater than or equal to one nanometer. By means of the fruit and vegetable cleaning machine, source water can be made into hydrogen-enriched water which contains a large number of ultra-micro hydrogen bubbles and has high reducing capacity and bactericidal ability, residual pesticide and insecticide in food such as fruits and vegetables can be degraded efficiently and safely, and therefore health is benefited.

The invention belongs to the field of semiconductor parts, and provides an atomic layer deposition preparation method for an aluminum oxide thin film. The method comprises the following steps of (1) loading a silicon substrate in an atomic layer deposition reaction chamber, and vacuumizing the reaction chamber; (2) performing atomic layer deposition by taking TMA (trimethylaluminum) as an aluminum source and taking H2O as an oxygen source; (3) performing atomic layer deposition by taking TMA as the aluminum source and taking O3 as the oxygen source. According to the method, an H2O and O3 combination Al2O3 diatomic layer deposition process is provided for solving the problem of bubbles after the sintering of an Al2O3 / SiNx laminated thin film, and compared with an H2O-based Al2O3 thin film, the Al2O3 thin film prepared from reaction sources TMA and O3 is looser, and the accumulation of H2 is effectively avoided; an atomic layer deposition technology is utilized, the thickness of an Al2O3 diatomic layer is accurately controlled, and prepared crystalline silicon with an Al2O3 passive film has high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and is free of hydrogen bubbles.

The invention, belonging to the technical field of explosive preparation, particularly relates to an emulsion explosive prepared by using hydrogen storage materials. The explosive comprises an emulsion base and a sensitizing agent, wherein, the sensitizing agent is titanium hydride, the weight of the sensitizing agent accounts for 0.6-8 % of the total weight of the titanium hydride hydrogen storage emulsion explosive, and the purity of titanium hydride is no less than 95 %. During the detonation process, partial titanium hydride reacts with water in the emulsion base to release a little hydrogen, thus a certain foaming effect on the emulsion base is achieved, and the emulsion base is allowed to detonate, so that titanium hydride plays a role as the sensitizing agent. Simultaneously, the rest titanium hydride is subject to thermal decomposition under the effect of high temperature generated by the reaction between emulsion base and hydrogen bubbles to rapidly release hydrogen, and hydrogen continues participating the detonation reaction with the emulsion base to allow the output energy to contain the energy released by the emulsion base and titanium hydride together. The titanium hydride hydrogen storage emulsion explosive disclosed herein has the characteristics of low output explosion pressure, large impulse, long decay time, and high energy.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a super-hydrophobic meshy material. The method comprises the following steps of (1) preparing a porous meshy Cu film by using a hydrogen bubble template method; (2) oxidizing the porous Cu film at a certain temperature to obtain Cu2O, and modifying the surface of the porous meshy Cu film by using dodecylthiol and tetradecanoic acid to obtain a super-hydrophobic porous meshy film. The hydrogen bubble template method for preparing a porous material has the advantages of simplicity, convenience, low cost and parameter controllability; a three-dimensional porous meshy film can be obtained through depositing on a copper wire mesh by using the method; the porous film is prepared by taking a dynamic hydrogen bubble as a template; compared with a hard template method, the method has the advantages that the template is not needed to be removed, the problems such as high cost, complexity in operation and serious film pollution in the traditional method are solved, and the industrial production is expected to be realized.

A catalytic hydrocracking reactor vessel for the conversion of a hydrogen gas and fossil fuel feedstream to light liquid hydrocarbons. The reactor vessel comprises reactor cup riser means with a helical cyclonic separator conduit for separating a liquid and vapor product stream to provide an essentially vapor-free liquid recycle stream, grid plate bubble cap means with tapered bell cap wall housing having serrated edges for producing small hydrogen bubbles of increased total surface area of bubbles at lower pressure drop, optionally feedstream inlet pipe sparger means containing rows of downward directed slots for even distribution of the feedstream across the cross-sectional area of the reactor and providing free drain of solid particles from the sparger, and optionally liquid recycle inlet distributor means containing vertically curved plates for creating a whirling motion in the liquid recycle stream for better mixing with the feedstream with minimal solids settling.

In the BB transfer, or so called electrochemical delamination process, a transfer film is firstly spray-coated on a stack formed by two graphene sandwiching a metal (Cu or Cr) foil as a protection layer. Then, direct current (dc) voltage is applied to the first stack as a cathode and an anode (from be a platinum wire, a carbon rod, or others) in an electrolyte aqueous solution. With application of the electrolysis potential, hydrogen bubbles appear at the graphene / metal foil interfaces, while oxygen bubble appear at the anode due to the reduction of water. These H2 bubbles provide a gentle but persistent force to detach the graphene film from the copper foil at its edges, and the process is aided by the permeation of the electrolyte solution into the interlayers as the edges delaminate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of explosive preparation, in particular to a magnesium hydride type hydrogen-stored emulsion explosive. The components comprise an emulsion base and a sensitized material, wherein the sensitized material is magnesium hydride; the mass of the magnesium hydride takes up 0.2-6% of the total mass of the emulsion explosive; the magnesium hydride is powders with purity not smaller than 95%. The added magnesium hydride is uniformly distributed in the emulsion base such that a part of magnesium hydride has a chemical reaction with water in the emulsion base, and a little amount of hydrogen is released, and foaming effect is performed on the emulsion base, and the detonator sensitivity is improved. When the emulsion base of the mixed magnesium hydride is initiated, the hydrogen bubbles under the function of shock waves produced in emulsion base detonation generate detonation reaction, and at the same time, the rest magnesium hydride quickly releaseshydrogen under the denotation waves of the emulsion base, and the hydrogen joins the detonation reaction of the emulsion base such that the emulsion explosive has characteristics of a high output shock wave peak value, a high impulse and a high energy. The detonation energy of the emulsion explosive is better than that of the common emulsion explosive.

The invention discloses a method for preparing gold nanoparticles. Under the anaerobic condition and at the room temperature, micro-nano hydrogen bubbles are used as reducing agent to reduce chloroauric acid, gold seeds are added, and a seed growth method is adopted to conduct reaction and preparation to obtain the gold nanoparticles. The preparation condition is moderate, the reaction is easy to amplify, new impurities are not led in the gold nanoparticles, the diameters of the gold nanoparticles are small, and uniformity is good.

The invention aims at providing a hydrogen water preparation method and device, a bottled water production line and a water purifier or water dispenser which mainly solve the problems that hydrogen water prepared through an existing preparation method is poor in quality and drinking safety. The hydrogen water preparation method comprises the steps that a proton membrane and a cathode and an anode which are located on the two sides of the proton membrane are supplied; the cathode and the anode are electrified, and water is introduced into only one side of the cathode; part of the water is electrolyzed to generate hydrogen on the cathode side and generate oxygen on the anode side; the generated hydrogen is mixed with the water on the cathode side to form the hydrogen water. The hydrogen water prepared through the hydrogen water preparation method has the advantages of being fine in hydrogen bubble, high in hydrogen-enriched level and free of introduced contaminants; meanwhile, due to the fact that the generated hydrogen is uniformly distributed on the electrodes making contact with the water, the water-hydrogen mixing effect is good, and hydrogen enriching is better promoted; in addition, hydrogen generated through electrolysis has more activity and not only can be used for preparation in a large hydrogen water plant but also can be used for site production of small household water dispensers.

The invention belongs to the technical field of direct methanol fuel cells and discloses a preparation method of a nano-palladium or palladium-nickel alloy catalyst having a three-dimensional porous structure. The preparation method comprises carrying out cathode electrodeposition in a metal salt solution to obtain the nano-palladium or palladium-nickel alloy catalyst having a three-dimensional porous structure, wherein in the cathode electrodeposition, produced hydrogen bubbles are used as dynamic templates. The nano-palladium or palladium-nickel alloy catalyst obtained by the preparation method is a three-dimensional porous Pd or Pd-Ni alloy, has aperture walls composed of nanoscale dendritic crystals, has a large chemically active specific surface area, and has good catalytic activity and stability in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. The preparation method has simple processes, obvious effects and a wide application prospect in the field of anode catalysts of direct methanol fuel cells.

The present invention relates to a portable device for generating ozone in water, purifying the water and making it drinkable. The device comprises a housing; at least two electrodes, including an anode and a cathode extending from the housing into the water and each having semi-rough or rough surfaces in contact with the water. The device also comprises a power supply operatively connected to the electrodes for generating between them a difference of potential creating a current and the hydrolysis of the water creating ozone that purifies the water. The electrodes may have a plate or a rode and tube configuration with a plurality of holes with rough edges. The roughness of the surfaces and of the edges of the holes leads to a coalescence of tiny hydrogen bubbles into larger hydrogen bubbles. The hydrogen may be also removed by absorption in a conductive material and regenerated for reuse.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a gecko structure simulating adhesive and relates to a preparation method of a gecko foot simulating microarray. The preparation method of the gecko structure simulating adhesive, disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps of: (1) preparing a porous metal film by using a hydrogen bubble template method; (2) mixing a high polymer with a cross-linking agent, vacuumizing, pouring the mixed liquor on a template of the porous metal plate for curing; and (3) removing a base and the porous metal template by using chemical and electrochemical methods. The preparation method disclosed by the invention is easy to operate and needs no complex instruments; experiment parameters are controllable; and a prepared gecko foot simulating microarray structure has very high adsorption capacity, also can be easily separated from the absorptive surface and simultaneously has super-hydrophobicity and self-cleaning capability. For the gecko foot simulating microarray prepared by using the hydrogen bubble template method and taking porous metal as a template, the area is 0.1-5 square centimeters, the diameter is 0.5-100 micrometers, the height is 0.5-20 micrometers, the elasticity modulus of a material is 1-15GPa, and the shear strength is 1-150kPa.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a high-purity porous iron film. According to the invention, an electrochemical method is adopted in the preparation method of the high-purity porous iron film. The preparation method is characterized in that size-reliable hydrogen bubbles formed on a substrate are taken as a template, and electroplating is carried out for a certain time period in an electroplating solution containing ferrous ions and hydrogen ions under the current density to form the high-purity porous iron film. In the invention, under the high current density which is higher than 0.5A / cm<2> and is less than 5A / cm<2>, the current density of 1-3A / cm<2> is preferably selected for electroplating, the ferrous ions can exist in inorganic salt and organic salt forms, the concentration of the ferrous ion is 0.1-0.5M preferably, the hydrogen ions can exist in inorganic acid and organic acid forms, the pH value of the electroplating solution is controlled to 0-2 preferably, electroplating time is 10-30 seconds preferably, and the concentration of a surfactant for controlling the sizes of the hydrogen bubbles is 0.05-0.5wt% preferably.

The invention provides an airflow-separated hydrogen-rich water cup and a work method thereof. The airflow-separated hydrogen-rich water cup comprises a cup body, a cover body connected with the top of the cup body in a detachable way, a base fixedly connected with the bottom of the cup body in a sealing way, and an electrolysis unit installed in the cup body, wherein a power supply module and a printed circuit board (PCB) are installed in the base; a control circuit is arranged on the PCB; a heating ring and a temperature sensor are arranged on the top of the base; the cover body comprises a water storage bin, a filter element arranged at the bottom of the water storage bin, and a bottle cap connected with the top of the water storage bin in a detachable way; an air escape valve is arranged on the top of the bottle cap; the electrolysis unit comprises an electrode holder connected with the bottom of the base, a gas-collecting hood installed on the top of the electrode holder, and a negative plate, a first isolation plate, an ionic membrane, a second isolation plate and an anode plate which are installed on the electrode holder from top to bottom; vent holes are formed in the electrode holder under the anode plate; the power supply module, the temperature sensor, the heating ring, the negative plate and the anode plate are respectively connected with the control circuit. The airflow-separated hydrogen-rich water cup not only solves the interference effect of oxygen bubbles on the rising process of hydrogen bubbles, but also increases the types of electrolysed water, and is convenient to use.

A preparation method of a three-dimensional micrometer level porous copper thin film comprises: a metal substrate is offered and serves as a negative electrode and a red copper sheet is offered and serves as a positive electrode; electroplating liquid is prepared, the content of Cu2+ in the electroplating liquid is 0.08mol / L to 0.2mol / L, the content of H2SO4 is 1.50mol / L to 3.00mol / L, the total content of a surface active agent is 0.5 mmol / L to 4.0mmol / L and the content of Cl- is 1.5mmol / L to 3.0mmol / L; and the three-dimensional porous copper thin film is formed on the metal substrate by using the electroplating liquid, the negative electrode and the positive electrode and adoption of a hydrogen bubble dynamic formwork electrodeposition method. The three-dimensional micrometer level porous copper thin film manufactured through the preparation method is even and small in hole diameter and high in porosity.

The invention relates to a composite substrate for preparing a flexible display screen. The composite substrate structurally comprises a substrate, a sacrificial layer arranged on the substrate, and aflexible layer arranged on the sacrificial layer; and the sacrificial layer is a hydrogen element contained semi-transparent inorganic layer. A preparation method of the flexible display screen comprises the following steps that the sacrificial layer is deposited on the substrate, the flexible layer is formed on the sacrificial layer; an electronic component is formed on the flexible layer; and the substrate is irradiated by laser, so that the hydrogen elements in the sacrificial layer form hydrogen bubbles to peel the sacrificial layer from the inorganic layer. The sacrificial layer is arranged to reduce a bonding force between the substrate and the flexible layer during laser peeling, the peeling effect is improved, the flexible layer is protected, and the occurrence rate of shading anddark spots is reduced.

The invention discloses a continuous hydrogenation method for olefin unsaturated bond-containing polymer. The method comprises a step of contacting a solution of the olefin unsaturated bond-containing polymer with hydrogen for hydrogenation in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, wherein a hydrogenation reactor used comprises two or more than two serially connected reactors; in the hydrogenation process, reaction effluent of a first reactor is divided into two parts, one part enters a second reactor, and the other part exchanges heat with a heat exchanger and is recycled to return the first reactor; by controlling the apparent velocity of hydrogen bubbles flowing through a reaction mixture and the circulating flow of the reaction effluent, the first reactor approaches full-Francis operation, and the second and subsequent reactors approach piston flow operation; and the reaction mixture is continuously hydrogenated through hydrogen dissolved in the reaction mixture by maintaining the hydrogen pressure in the reactor. By the method, the hydrogen and the polymer solution are fully contacted uniformly, so the hydrogenation efficiency is improved; and the temperature in the hydrogenation process can be stably controlled, so the catalyst is prevented from being deactivated due to high temperature; therefore, products with an ideal hydrogenation degree are stably obtained in a long operating period. Meanwhile, material consumption, energy consumption and operating cost in the reaction process are reduced.

The invention provides nano epoxy high hydrogen bubble water as well as a preparation device and a preparation method thereof. A newest nano gas-liquid mixing technology is adopted. In the hydrogen water produced by the nano gas-liquid mixing technology matched with a machine for producing hydrogen by electrolyzing pure water, the ratio of hydrogen gas to water can reach 1:9. The machine for producing hydrogen by electrolyzing pure water without adding alkali is an efficient, energy-saving and environment-friendly high-tech patent product. The purity of the hydrogen gas can reach more than 99.9999% which completely conforms to the safety standard of food additive hydrogen gas in the national food safety standard of the State Standard of the People's Republic of China (GB31633-2014). The machine for producing hydrogen by electrolyzing pure water is matched with a gas-liquid mixing pump so as to meet the requirement for producing nano epoxy hydrogen-rich bubble water.

The invention relates to a technique of filling an infusion bag with hydrogen and discloses a device for filling a medical infusion bag with hydrogen in a non-contact manner. The device comprises a hydrogen generator (1), a gas and liquid mixer (2), a positive displacement pump (3), a vane pump (4), an open water tank (8), a pressure regulation valve (10), and a sealed water tank (7). By means of the hydrogen generator, the solubility of the hydrogen is improved while any characteristic of water is not changed. The positive displacement pump and the vane pump are used, so the hydrogen is processed into micro-nanometer bubbles, the solubility of the hydrogen in water is greatly improved, and the dissolving time of the hydrogen is shortened. The invention further discloses a method for filling the medical infusion bag with the hydrogen in a non-contact manner. The method comprises the steps of mixing gas and liquid, dissolving the gas under high pressure and releasing the micro-nanometer hydrogen bubbles under low pressure. The solubility of the hydrogen is high, the consumed time is short, the production cost is saved, the purity of the product is improved, the content of impurities is reduced, it is guaranteed that bacteria and heat sources are avoided in the operation process, and accordingly clinical requirements for injection are met.

The present invention concerns a miniature ozone generator device for purifying water. The device comprises a printed circuit board having an ozone producing circuit printed on it which comprises anodes and cathodes alternatively printed and connected in parallel relationship to each other and to a power supply device. The electrodes have rough surfaces, whereby, in use, when the ozone generator is plunged into a vessel containing the water to purify, the electrodes thanks to their rough surfaces, leads to a coalescence of hydrogen bubbles produced by the cathodes into larger hydrogen bubbles, and thus to a higher production of ozone by the anodes. Hydrogen can be additionally removed by absorption of it thanks to a conductive material used to make the cathodes, which can be regenerated for reuse. The invention also concerns the use this miniaturized ozone generator for purifying water or the like and methods for doing the same.

The invention relates to a manufacturing methd and device for fibre laser and electrochemical complex nanosecond pulse deposition. According to the invention, a fibre laser technology is introduced to an electrochemical deposition manufacturing system to effectively increase the flexibility of the optical beam transmission and is combined with a numerical control machining system to realize a processing requirement of a complex three-dimensional space structure. In the machining process, a laser beam with nanosecond pulse is coupled with electrochemical nanosecond pulse current, the nanosecond electrochemical pulse deposition process can avoid the concentration polarization on the surface of the electrode and reinforce the regioselectivity of the deposition reaction, at the same time, the pulsation effect of the laser can effectively eliminate the hydrogen bubbles in the electro-deposition process so that the localization effect of the electrochemical deposition and the compactness of the material can be obviously increased and the microcomponent deposition formation of the high performance metal material can be realized. The manufacturing method and device provided by the invention is suitable for manufacturing three-dimensional micro devices made of high performance metal materials, belonging to the field of microfine rapid shaping process.

A process method for preparing a soft element and a soft substrate on a CVD (chemical vapor deposition) graphene belongs to the technical field of nano-carbon (graphene) soft electronics. The method comprises the steps of preparing the soft electronic element function structure on a graphene layer growing on a metal catalyst substrate slice by using CVD, and then preparing the soft substrate on the soft electronic element function structure; separating the metal catalyst substrate slice from the graphene layer by adopting an electrochemistry bubbling method; taking the graphene product as a cathode for performing direct current electrolysis on water in an electrolytic cell, enabling the hydrogen bubbles generated from the cathode to permeate into the boundary between the metal catalyst substrate slice and the graphene layer under the assistance of electrolyte to finally separate the metal catalyst substrate slice and the graphene layer; and finally coating a graphene passivating layer on the surface. The process method for preparing the soft element and the soft substrate on the CVD grapheme is capable of shortening process flow, reducing the cost and reducing the heavy metal pollution on the environment.

The invention provides a method for preparing a nanometer porous polypyrrole film by using nano-bubble as a template, which belongs to the technical field of material preparation. The method comprises the following steps: polymerizing pyrrole into a polypyrrole film by using nanometer hydrogen bubbles generated by electrochemistry as the template; taking out the polypyrrole film from polymerized solution after the polypyrrole film is shaped; and removing the bubble template after the nanometer hydrogen bubbles automatically escape so as to produce the nanometer porous polypyrrole film. The method simplifies the steps of removing the template by solvent during the prior preparation process by template method, and avoids the effect of the solvent on the property of the polypyrrole. The method is suitable for preparing the nanometer porous polypyrrole film which can be used for preparing electronic devices, drivers, sensors, ultrafiltration films and the like.

Provided is a method for efficiently manufacturing fine metal particles applicable as a fuel cell electrode catalyst. Provided is a method of manufacturing fine metal particles, including the step of: a hydrogen bubbling step to perform bubbling to a reaction solution, wherein: the reaction solution is prepared by allowing seeds of fine metal particles in a dispersed state and a water soluble noble metal precursor to co-exist in a water-containing solvent; and the bubbling is performed with a reaction gas containing a hydrogen gas, is provided.

The invention discloses a method for extracting gallium through ultrasonic-assisted intensified electrolysis, which belongs to the technical field of the electrolytic extraction of gallium. The method comprises the steps of adding a cathode and an anode subjected to preprocessing into an electrolytic bath containing gallium-contained solution, applying ultrasonic field to the gallium-contained solution, and electrifying to perform the electrolytic extraction of gallium at 20 to 50 DEG C and 100 to 2000A / m<2>. As ultrasonic cavitation microjet has intensive stirring effect on the solution, the thickness of a diffusion layer on the surface of an electrode is reduced, and the reaction rate and the current efficiency are improved. In addition, the ultrasonic effect accelerates the speed of hydrogen bubble separated from the surface of the electrode, on one hand, the influence on practical current density by hydrogen is reduced or eliminated, on the other and, electrodeposited gallium is uniform and dense, the activity is reduced, and re-dissolution of the deposited gallium is also inhibited. The method for extracting gallium through ultrasonic-assisted intensified electrolysis has the advantages of simple process, easiness in operation and the like.

The invention discloses a preparation device of supersaturated nanobubble hydrogen solution and a preparation method of supersaturated nanobubble hydrogen solution. The preparation device comprises a shell and a hollow fiber membrane group, wherein the shell is provided with a liquid inlet communicated with a liquid source, a liquid discharging port and a gas inlet for communication with a hydrogen source. The hollow fiber membrane group comprises a plurality of hollow fiber membrane pipes and is contained in the shell. The inlet end of the hollow fiber membrane group is communicated with the liquid inlet, so that liquid can flow in the hollow fiber membrane pipes, and hydrogen from the hydrogen source can flow into the hollow fiber membrane pipes through membrane holes of the hollow fiber membrane pipes and can be mixed with the liquid. The outlet end of the hollow fiber membrane group is communicated with the liquid discharging port. The preparation device and the preparation method disclosed by the invention have the advantages that the hydrogen is fully mixed with the liquid by hydrogen bubbles with nanoscale diameter, both the hydrogen concentration of the prepared solution and the preparation time of the supersaturated hydrogen solution are superior to those of the prior art, the preparation efficiency is high, the cost is low and the application range is wide.

The invention belongs to the technical field of water electrolysis, and relates to a novel water electrolysis hydrogen production process. The process comprises: inserting a metal compound or a metalcompound composite nonmetal anode and cathode into an electrolyte, and respectively connecting the anode and the cathode with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a power supply; turning on a power switch so that hydrogen bubbles are generated around the cathode, and a reversible oxidation reaction occurs on the anode without generation of bubbles; when no bubbles are generated onthe cathode, turning off the power switch; heating the electrolyte to 50-120 DEG C, and carrying out anodic reduction to release oxygen bubbles. According to the process, an electrochemical-chemical two-step method is adopted to decompose water, and an oxygen evolution reaction of the anode and a hydrogen evolution reaction of the cathode are separately carried out from the aspect of time, so thata diaphragm is omitted, the cost is greatly reduced, the problems of mixing and separation of oxygen and hydrogen are avoided, high-purity hydrogen is easier to prepare, the purification cost is reduced, and the product quality is improved.