The invention discloses a rapid coupling and positioning fixture for side vertical plates of a bogie, belonging to the field of welding positioning assistant devices for the side vertical plates of the rail car bogie. The rapid coupling and positioning fixture comprises compression components, component connection shafts, hydraulic devices, adjustment crankshafts, banking pins, bases, self-opening-and-closing adjustment blocks, positioning support racks, limiting pins, support components and a substrate, wherein two compression components, one component connection shaft, one hydraulic device, two adjustment crankshafts, one banking pin, one base, one self-opening-and-closing adjustment block, one positioning support rack, one limiting pin and one support component jointly form one small-angle self-opening-and-closing clamping and positioning device. According to the rapid coupling and positioning fixture, by utilizing cooperative work of the multiple groups of small-angle self-opening-and-closing clamping and positioning devices, multiple side beam vertical plates can be precisely positioned synchronously, so that working efficiency and positioning precision of welding coupling operation are improved, and an inhibition effect of welding anti-deformation is realized.