61results about How to "Inhibition of hydrogen evolution" patented technology

The invention relates to metal cutting liquid, in particular to magnesium alloy cutting liquid, which comprises basic oil, nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, antirust agents, lubricating agents, coupling agents, corrosion inhibitors and bactericide raw materials. The unique recipe in the invention has the advantages that magnesium alloy can no generate color change corrosion phenomena after being continuously soaked for more than 30 days at 55 DEG C in 5 percent diluent, the hydrogen release phenomenon of the magnesium alloy in water can be effectively inhabited, in addition, the hardwater resistance of the product is as high as 10000 ppm, and in addition, the work liquid can be used for more than half a year. At the same time, the invention has excellent performance such as rust prevention, lubrication, cooling and the like. In addition, the cutting liquid can be used for processing the magnesium alloy, and can also be used for processing metals such as aluminium alloy, cast iron, stainless steel and the like.

The invention provides a lead-acid cell which belongs to the field of lead-acid cells, and can be used for solving the problems of poor large current performance and short cycle life of the existing lead-acid cell. Through adding conductive additive and carbon materials to a negative pole of the lead-acid cell, the lead-acid cell solves the problems of the poor large current performance, the short cycle life and the like of the existing lead-acid cell.

The invention discloses a graphene-bismuth oxide composite material. The graphene-bismuth oxide composite material comprises graphene as well as bismuth oxide loaded on a graphene sheet layer, wherein the mass ratio of bismuth oxide to graphene is (0.005-0.25):1. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the composite material as well as lead carbon battery cathode diachylon comprising the composite material as well as a preparation method of the lead carbon battery cathode diachylon and a lead carbon battery cathode plate. According to the invention, the generation of hydrogen on the surface of graphene is inhibited by loading bismuth oxide on the sheet layer of graphene, so that the hydrogen evolution phenomenon of the lead carbon battery cathode plate is inhibited; the reduction of lead carbon battery current efficiency and the battery water loss phenomenon are prevented effectively; the service life of the lead carbon battery is ensured.

The invention discloses an electrolyte corrosion inhibitor for an aluminum-air cell, an electrolyte and a preparation method, belonging to the technical field of chemical batteries. The electrolyte corrosion inhibitor mainly comprises sodium hyposulfite which has a concentration of 0.005 to 0.2 mol / L in the electrolyte and may further comprise the auxiliary additive sodium stannate which has a concentration of 0.01 to 0.03 mol / L in the electrolyte. The aluminum-air cell provided by the invention has the advantages of simple composition, low cost, safety and accordance with environmental protection requirements, can substantially reduce the hydrogen evolution self-corrosion rate of an aluminum anode, enables the open circuit potential of the aluminum anode and working potential under the condition of impressed current to undergo substantial negative transfer, allows an aluminum anode alloy to have good corrosion resistance and high electrochemical activity and meets the requirement of an alkaline aluminum-air cell for large current density discharging.

The invention discloses negative lead paste for a lead carbon battery and a negative plate. The negative lead paste for the lead carbon battery is prepared from the following raw materials in parts byweight: 100 parts of ball-milled lead powder, 0.5-10 parts of a modified carbon material of high specific surface area, 0.05-5 parts of short carbon fibers, 0.05-0.5 part of Phosmer PE, 0.5-3 parts of superfine barium sulfate, 0.5-2 parts of lignin sulfonate, 0.5-2 parts of humic acid as well as water accounting for 10-20% of the mass of the lead powder and sulfuric acid aqueous solution accounting for 10-15% of the mass of the ball-milled lead powder. The preparation method comprises the following steps: uniformly coating the negative lead paste on a negative grid, spraying dilute sulfuric acid of 1.0-1.2mol / L on the surface of the negative grid coated with the negative lead paste, putting the negative grid coated with the negative lead paste and sprayed with the dilute sulfuric acid under conditions of 45-70 DEG C and relative humidity of 85-99% for curing for 36-60 hours, taking the grid as a negative plate after curing, and putting the negative plate into electrolyte for formation, thereby obtaining the finished negative plate of the lead carbon battery after formation. The battery made by the plate disclosed by the invention has the advantages of being high in hydrogen evolution over-potential, long in cycle life and the like.

A difunctional negative electrode for an all-vanadium redox energy storage battery negative electrode includes a carbon matrix material and a Bi-containing electro-catalyst modifying the surface of the carbon matrix material. The negative electrode is suitable for being used as the negative electrode of the all-vanadium redox energy storage battery, can greatly improve the electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical reversibility of an electrode material on a V<2+> / V<3+> redox reaction, and decreases the charge transfer resistance; and the negative electrode has high hydrogen evolution overpotential, can inhibit a hydrogen evolution reaction, and prolongs the work life of the battery. The difunctional negative electrode improves the voltage efficiency and energy efficiency of the all-vanadium redox energy storage battery, so the working current density of the battery is improved, and the weight, the size and the cost of the battery with same output power are greatly reduced.

The invention discloses an electrode active material for a lead-acid storage battery. The electrode active material comprises lead powder and composite material granules; the lead powder comprises one or more kinds of metal lead powder, ball-milling lead powder, Barton lead powder, Pb<2>O powder, PbO powder, Pb<2>O<3> powder, Pb<3>O<4> powder and PbO<2> powder; and the composite material granules comprise one or more kinds of coating type composite material granules and mixed type composite material granules. By virtue of the electrode active material for the lead-acid storage battery with an improved formula, the specific power, specific energy, active material utilization rate, charging-discharging efficiency, cycle life, low-temperature performance and the like of the applied lead-acid storage battery can be obviously improved.

The invention relates to a metal powder surface treatment technology, in particular to a zinc-aluminum powder passivation solution applied to a water-based non-chrome dacromet paint. The passivation solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.5-10 parts of passivator, 25-50 parts of cosolvent, 500-1000 parts of deionized water and 0.2-5 parts of pH regulator. The passivation solution is prepared by the following steps of: firstly diluting the passivator by using the deionized water and the cosolvent into the corresponding concentration, evenly stirring, regulating the alkalinity or acidity of the system by using the pH regulator to make the final pH between 7 and 9 and finally evenly stirring to obtain the finished product. The invention can solve the problems that hydrogen dissolves out, the stability of the paint is poor and the like. The passivation solution has better hydrogen evolution inhibition action on zinc-aluminum powder, makes the stability of the water-based paint better and is simple to be prepared.

The invention provides an electrolyte formula for a super lead acid battery. The electrolyte for the super lead acid battery comprises sulfuric acid solution, hydrogen evolution inhibitor and additives, wherein the hydrogen evolution inhibitor is a mixture of one or more of metal salts, metal-ion complexes and organic matters which are capable of blocking hydrogen ions from discharging on the carbon negative electrode, raising the hydrogen evolution over potentiality of the carbon negative electrode surface of the super lead acid battery. The advantage of the electrolyte is that the hydrogen evolution inhibitor can block hydrogen ions from discharging on the carbon negative electrode, thus the hydrogen evolution over potentiality of the carbon negative electrode material of the super lead acid battery is raised, the problem of serious hydrogen evolution of the carbon negative electrode surface of the super lead acid battery is solved, and simultaneously the specific capacity of the carbon negative electrode is increased. The electrolyte disclosed herein is suitable for industrial application.

The invention relates to a composite additive of an aluminum-air battery electrolyte. The composite additive comprises ZnO, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hydroxide and water; and in the additive, the concentration of the ZnO is (1-8)g / L, the concentration of the carboxymethyl cellulose is (10-10,000)mg / L, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide is (3-5)mol / L, and the balance is the water. The invention also provides a preparation method for the composite additive of the electrolyte. By the composite additive and the preparation method, the hydrogen evolution and self-corrosion rate of an aluminum-alloy anode can be effectively suppressed, and the open-circuit potential of the aluminum-alloy anode is also transferred; in a constant-current discharging test, when the current density is changed to 35mAcm<-2> from 5mAcm<-2>, the potential is changed to -1.38V from -1.5V; and the aluminum-alloy anode has favorable discharging performance, the requirement for discharging of the alkali aluminum-air battery is met, and the composite additive has very good development prospect.

The invention relates to a battery pole plate, especially relates to a negative plate for a super Pb-C battery. The negative plate for the super Pb-C battery is characterized in that: carbon with high specific surface area which accounts for 10-30 wt% of lead is added in the negative plate lead paste formula, the carbon with high specific surface area is processed by activation. The activation processing method of the carbon with high specific surface area comprises the following steps: conducting vacuum impregnation of the carbon with high specific surface area for 2-4 h in 0.5-1.5 mol / l plumbous acetate at 50 DEG C, conducting pumping filtration, then conducting vacuum impregnation for 5 h in 1.0-1.4 g / ml sulfuric acid solution at 50 DEG C, washing and carrying out suction filtration until the pH value is larger than 6.5, and conducting vacuum drying for 6 h at 100 DEG C. The battery prepared by using the negative plate has the advantages of high utilization rate of active substance and long circulation service life.

The invention discloses an alkaline silane rare-earth-doped treating agent for metal surface treatment and a preparation method and application thereof. The alkaline silane rare-earth-doped treating agent comprises a silane coupling agent, a rare-earth cerium compound, an organic stabilizer, a sterilizing agent, a metal chelating agent and water. According to the alkaline silane rare-earth-doped treating agent, the silane coupling agent serves as a main film-forming agent, and a small amount of cerium salt is added into the system to serve as a film layer sealing agent and repairing agent, sothat a protective film layer is formed in the surface of a substrate, and the corrosion rate of the substrate is decreased; and when the system makes contact with metal substrates, silicon and ceriumcan be subjected to a series of hydrolysis and adsorption reactions on the surface of the substrate, complex silicon and cerium doped organic and inorganic hybrid films are formed on the surface of the substrate, and the corrosion resistance of metal is improved.

The invention provides a method for secondary modification of the surface of an active carbon material for a super battery. The method for the secondary modification of the carbon material comprises two steps, including carbon material nanometer Pb modification and carbon material surface Pb coating. According to the method disclosed by the invention, by utilizing microcosmic and macroscopic dual-scale depth, uniformity and great modification of a Pb element in the carbon material, the aims of inhibiting hydrogen evolution of the carbon material in an acidic system, increasing the capacity and regulating an electrochemical window are realized; the problem that only one aspect of defect of the carbon material can be overcome in the prior art is solved, so that an active carbon negative electrode and a Pb electrode of the super battery have the same working potential; the buffer current capability of the C negative electrode is improved, and the problem that the Pb electrode and the C electrode of the super battery are not matched in working potential is solved; compared with the hydrogen evolution current of an unmodified carbon material in the prior art, the hydrogen evolution current of the carbon material modified by the method disclosed by the invention is at least reduced by 52% and is even smaller than the hydrogen evolution current of a pure-lead electrode, so the carbon material can be really applied to the super battery and is suitable for industrial application.

The invention provides a composite corrosion inhibitor electrolyte, an application thereof and a magnesium air battery, and belongs to the field of air batteries. In the invention, La<3+> in lanthanumnitrate can react with OH<-> in the solution to generate lanthanum hydroxide to precipitate, and the structure and appearance of a passive film are changed, so that hydrogen evolution is inhibited, the damage effect of nitrate ions on the passive film is weak, and the integrity of the primary passive film is ensured, thereby having a good protection effect on internal battery materials, and inhibiting the hydrogen evolution. CTAB is a cationic surfactant, can significantly reduce the surface tension, change the surface state of metal / electrolyte, gather on the surface of active metal by utilizing the electrostatic adsorption of NH<2+>, reduce the surface energy of the metal and increase the corrosion activation energy, thereby slowing down the corrosion rate, and simultaneously forming alayer of hydrophobic protection film on the surface layer of the metal, thus hindering the charge and ion transfer, hindering the reaction process and reducing the corrosion rate.

Disclosed is metal element-doped and carbon-coated lead powder used as a negative electrode material of a lead-carbon battery. The lead powder is characterized in that the surfaces of lead oxide granules which constitute the lead power are coated with metal element-containing carbon; the preparation method for the lead powder comprises the steps of adding a metal element soluble salt solution which is used as a hydrogen evolution inhibitor into a complexing agent solution firstly, and mixing uniformly; after metal ions and the complexing agent are fully reacted to form a metal ion complex solution, adding lead powder into the complex solution to be fully stirred, and performing heating to remove water content to enable the surfaces of the lead powder granules to be coated with the complex; and finally, performing carbonization treatment on the product in inert gas to obtain the metal element-doped and carbon-coated lead powder. The method is characterized in that carbon coating on the lead powder and hydrogen evolution inhibition modification of the coated carbon are realized through in-situ composite in one time; and the negative electrode material, which is compounded by the metal element-doped and carbon-coated lead powder, of the lead-carbon battery has high electrochemical performance.

The invention provides an additive for a negative electrode plate of a lead storage battery, and a preparation method thereof. The additive is a layered carbon / lead oxide composite material. The layer number of the layered carbon is 1-50; lead oxide particles are uniformly adhered on the layered carbon; the size of the lead oxide particles is 5-200 nm; and a mass ratio of the layered carbon to lead oxide is 1:1-200. The additive for the negative electrode plate of the lead storage battery can effectively increase energy density, power density and cycle life of the lead storage battery.

The invention discloses a multifunctional negative material. A carbon material is taken as a matrix; the surface of the material is modified by an electrocatalyst containing Pb; the electrocatalyst containing the Pb is one / two or more of a Pb simple substance, PbO<2> or lead sulfate; and the deposit rate of the electrocatalyst containing the Pb on the matrix is 0.05wt% to 80wt% of that of the multifunctional negative material. The electrode is applicable to a negative electrode of an all-vanadium redox flow battery; the electrocatalytic activity and the electrochemical reversibility of the electrode material on a V<2+> / V<3+> redox reaction can be improved; the charge transfer resistance is reduced; the multifunctional negative material has high hydrogen evolution over-potential; a hydrogen evolution reaction can be inhibited; the service lifetime of the battery is prolonged; and the charge and discharge capacity of the battery can also be improved. According to the multifunctional negative material, the voltage efficiency and the energy efficiency of the all-vanadium redox flow battery are improved, so that the working current density of the all-vanadium redox flow battery is improved; and the weight, the size and the cost of the battery with the same output power are greatly reduced.

The invention discloses a zinc-nickel electroplating additive and a preparation method thereof. The zinc-nickel electroplating additive is prepared from raw materials by following weight part: brightener, enhancer, complexing agent, coordination agent, surfactant and the balance of water, wherein the brightener comprises epoxy chloropropane, hexamethylene tetramine, mercapto benzimidazole, saccharin sodium, vanillin and 4-methyl benzaldehyde. The zinc-nickel electroplating additive is adsorbed onto the surface of an electrode so as to play a part in inhibiting electric discharge of zinc coordination ions and nickel coordination ions, uses a reaction product of the epoxy chloropropane, the hexamethylene tetramine and the mercapto benzimidazole as main brightener, uses the 4-methyl benzaldehyde as auxiliary brightener, uses the vanillin as second class brightener and leveling agent, can obtain a bight and fine coating, and also can obtain a pinhole-free coating, and follow-up salt fog tests on the surface of the coating prove that the zinc-nickel electroplating additive has good adhesion strength to the zinc-nickel coating, and has good corrosion resistance.

The invention provides a magnesium alloy anode material, a preparation method and an application thereof and a magnesium-air battery, and belongs to the field of air batteries. In the invention, the metal magnesium is high in activity, and easy to hydrate in NaCl brine, namely, self-corrosion hydrogen evolution, and causes low utilization rate of the negative electrode and energy loss. However, more beta(Mg17Al12) will be generated after 30-40wt% of Al is added, and beta(Mg17Al12) is positive in electrode potential and great in chemical inertness and thus plays a role of preventing the corrosion. Meanwhile, the beta(Mg17Al12) cannot be too high in content, and the too high content of beta(Mg17Al12) will result in the corrosion of a magnesium alloy couple. The beta(Mg17Al12) has a functionof storing hydrogen; In has an overhigh hydrogen evolution point passing position, can inhibit hydrogen evolution, and can destroy a magnesium surface passivation film and activate the magnesium alloy; and Er is heavy rare earth and mainly used for generating a compound with Al and Mg in the magnesium-aluminum alloy, thereby playing an effect of refining crystal grains, reducing the crystal graininterface and inhibiting the corrosion.

The invention discloses a symmetric aqueous solution lithium ion battery and a modification method. Fluorine lithium vanadium phosphate is simultaneously used as a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and an aqueous solution containing lithium ions serves as electrolyte. An electrode surface serving as the negative electrode is covered with a protection film which is 5-1,000nm thick and has high hydrogen evolution overpotential so as to suppress hydrogen evolution of the negative electrode. According to the symmetric aqueous solution lithium ion battery, the fluorine lithium vanadium phosphate is simultaneously applied to the positive electrode and the negative electrode of water system lithium ions, so that the manufacturing cost of an electrode piece material is reduced. The symmetric aqueous solution lithium ion battery modified by the modification method disclosed by the invention effectively suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction and has the characteristics of long service life, high power, high safety, no environment pollution and the like.

The invention puts forward a method for electro-deposition of zinc in an alkaline zincate solution and a product thereof. The method for electro-deposition of zinc in the alkaline zincate solution comprises the steps that (1) a substrate layer is formed on the surface of a matrix and composed of one of lead, cadmium and indium; (2) zinc deposition treatment is carried out in the alkaline zincate solution so that a zinc layer can be formed on the surface of the substrate layer. In a alkaline zincate electrolytic solution system, lead plating, cadmium plating or indium plating is adopted for the zinc deposition substrate layer, high hydrogen evolution electric potential and low cell voltage are achieved, and thus the hydrogen evolution phenomenon is effectively restrained, the electro-deposition efficiency of zinc is improved, and energy conservation and consumption reduction are realized.

The invention discloses a waterborne anti-corrosive coating and a preparation method thereof. The waterborne anti-corrosive coating can provide anti-corrosive protection for automotive parts such as rivets, bolts, springs and the like of a substrate. A composition of the coating is generally a formula of mixture comprising a component A and a component B, and the components A and B are uniformly mixed when in use. According to 100% of mass parts in total, mixture A comprises 22-38% of zinc-aluminum alloy powder, 8-28% of alcohol, 1-6% of an emulsifying agent, 0-0.5% of a thickening agent and 0.6-1% of a defoaming agent; mixture B comprises 0.1-0.9% of micro-powder calcium oxide, 10-15% of a silane coupling agent and deionized water. Compared with the existing chrome-free zinc-aluminum coating, a coating formed by adopting the composition of the coating disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the hardness is improved, the salt fog resistance is improved, and the porosity is reduced.

The invention provides an aluminum-air battery electrolyte compound additive, which is prepared from adipic acid and zinc oxide, wherein the molar ratio of the adipic acid to the zinc oxide is (0.5-5.0) to (0.1-1.0). The invention further provides an aluminum-air battery electrolyte. The aluminum-air battery electrolyte is prepared from sodium hydroxide, the adipic acid, the zinc oxide and water; in the electrolyte, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide is 4M; the concentration of the adipic acid is 0.5-5.0mM; the concentration of the zinc oxide is 0.1-1.0mM; and the remainder is water. The invention further provides a preparation method of the aluminum-air battery compound electrolyte. The method can effectively inhibit hydrogen-evolution self-corrosion of an aluminum alloy anode, can negatively shift an open circuit potential of the aluminum alloy anode; in a constant-current discharge test, the aluminum alloy anode has good discharge performance, meets the discharge requirements of an alkaline aluminum-air battery and has a good development prospect.

The invention relates to a magnesium alloy cutting fluid and a preparation method thereof. The invention is characterized in that the magnesium alloy cutting fluid is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-6 parts of white oil, 2-3 parts of lanolin, 1-2 parts of zinc naphthenate, 3-4 parts of alkenyl succinic acid, 1-2 parts of diethanolamine, 4-5 parts of triethyl citrate, 2-3 parts of acetyl triethyl citrate, 2-3 parts of 2-ethyl methacrylate, 1-2 parts of sodium petroleum sulfonate, 5-6 parts of film assistant and 260 parts of water. According to the formula in the invention, the magnesium alloy is continuously soaked at 55 DEG C for more than 30 days without generating the phenomenon of discoloration or corrosion, thereby effectively inhibiting the hydrogen release phenomenon of the magnesium alloy in water. The hard water resistance of the product can reach 10000 ppm, and the working liquid can be used for more than half a year. The invention has excellent properties, such as rust protection, lubrication, cooling and the like.

The invention belongs to the related fields of inorganic chemical nano materials and electrochemical technologies, and relates to preparation of a bismuth trioxide modified indium-doped zinc oxide material and a general method for applying the bismuth trioxide modified indium-doped zinc oxide material to a negative electrode of a zinc-nickel secondary battery. An indium element is doped into a position where a zinc oxide lattice replaces a part of zinc element by using a hydrothermal synthesis method; and then modifying bismuth trioxide on the surfaces of the indium-doped zinc oxide microspheres. The quantity of free electrons in zinc oxide can be increased by doping the indium element, so that the carrier concentration can be increased, and the conductivity of the material can be enhanced; the hydrogen evolution reaction of the material is reduced through bismuth trioxide surface modification, and finally the zinc-nickel secondary battery negative electrode material with high specific capacity and long cycle life is obtained. The generated composite material has a core-shell structure, and shows very excellent electrochemical performance at the same time. When the material is used as a negative electrode material of a zinc-nickel secondary battery, the specific discharge capacity of the material can still reach 559.3 mAh g <-1 > after 100 times of charge and discharge cycles under the current density of 0.5 C.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a carbon-lead battery anode. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, S1, mixing and stirring GO dispersed by ethanol and a Pb (NO3) 2 solution;adding an ammonia water solution, gradually performing heating to a temperature of 500 DEG C in an inert gas atmosphere for high-temperature pyrolysis, carrying out heat preservation for 2 hours, andwashing with water and drying after 5MHCl ultrasonic pickling to obtain a PbO / GO compound; S2, grounding and mixing acetylene black, a lignin additive, short fibers, barium sulfate, humic acid and thePbO / GO compound with lead powder; and S3, coating the Pb-Sn-Ca grid with the lead paste, soaking the Pb-Sn-Ca grid in an H2SO4 solution for 1-3 seconds, and then carrying out constant-temperature andconstant-humidity curing and drying to obtain a raw anode plate, so that hydrogen evolution of a carbon material is inhibited, and the HRPSoC cycle life of the battery is prolonged.

The invention discloses a carbon-based nano material for a lithium battery and a preparation method of the carbon-based nano material, and particularly relates to the technical field of lithium battery materials, and the carbon-based nano material comprises electrolytic graphene and an inhibitor. The surface of the carbon material can be effectively modified, the hydrogen evolution potential of the carbon material can be effectively reduced, and the density and granularity of the carbon-based nano material for the lithium battery can be effectively improved, so that the electrochemical behavior of the carbon material in an electrolyte is improved, and meanwhile, the combination effect between the carbon material and a negative plate active substance is enhanced; the carbon material cannot fall off in the working process of the battery; zinc nitrate, silver nitrate and bismuth nitrate pentahydrate are subjected to microwave hydrothermal irradiation treatment in an alkaline environment, nano-zinc oxide, nano-silver oxide and nano-bismuth oxide can be effectively synthesized, the nano-zinc oxide, nano-silver oxide and nano-bismuth oxide are compounded to the surface of water-soluble graphene, the surface of the water-soluble graphene is modified, and the hydrogen evolution inhibition effect of the carbon-based nano material for the lithium battery can be effectively enhanced.

The invention provides a multi-element co-doped activated carbon composite material. The multi-element co-doped activated carbon composite material comprises activated carbon and hydrogen evolution inhibiting heteroatoms doped on the activated carbon, wherein the hydrogen evolution inhibiting heteroatoms are two or three of N, P and F; and the hydrogen evolution inhibiting heteroatoms are providedby a heteroatom compound. According to the invention, the heteroatom compound is used as a source of hydrogen evolution inhibiting atoms and doped with two or three hydrogen evolution inhibiting heteroatoms at the same time, so that the heteroatom compound is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen and fluorine elements, not only can be used as a phosphorus source and a nitrogen source, but also can be usedas a fluorine source. The heteroatom compound is added in the process of preparing the activated carbon, a mixture is pyrolyzed in one step while high-temperature activation is performed, and the multi-element doped activated carbon is obtained, so that the preparation process is simplified, various heteroatoms can be uniformly dispersed on the surface and in porous channels of the activated carbon, the function of inhibiting hydrogen evolution is effectively improved, and lone pair electrons on the heteroatoms can increase the charge density of the carbon material, so that the electrical conductivity and the wettability of an electrolyte solution are improved.