The invention belongs to the technical field of driving of electric wheel trucks, and discloses a four-wheel drive system of an electric wheel mining dump truck. The four-wheel drive system of the electric wheel mining dump truck comprises a power unit, a storage battery, a vehicle-mounted computer Ecu, a traction motor unit, a brake resistance box, a rectification unit, a drive control unit, a brake control unit, an excitation control unit and four motor control units, wherein the storage battery supplies power for the power unit, the vehicle-mounted computer Ecu and the drive control unit; the vehicle-mounted computer Ecu is connected with the power unit and the truck drive control unit sequentially; the excitation control unit is connected with the power unit; the power unit is sequentially connected with the brake control unit and the four motor control units through the rectification unit and the drive control unit; the brake control unit controls the brake resistance box to drive four traction motors through the four motor control units to drive four wheels respectively. By means of the four-wheel drive system of the electric wheel mining dump truck, power is diffused in a mode that the four wheels are driven independently, the multiple wheels bear the power, the total power and the traction torque of the motors are improved, and then the self rescue and adaptive capacity to environment are improved.