The invention belongs to the field of high polymer material synthesis, and relates to preparation of a graphene oxide-polyurethane foam material, in particular to a preparation method and application of the graphene oxide-polyurethane foam material. The preparation method of the graphene oxide-polyurethane foam material comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing graphene oxide by adopting an improved Hummers method, then mixing and stirring graphene oxide, polyether glycol NJ-330, foaming agent, foam stabilizer and catalyst at room temperature, adding isophorone diisocyanate, and finally, foaming further to obtain the graphene oxide-polyurethane foam material. The graphene oxide-polyurethane foam material prepared through the method can be applied to absorption of coloring matters or heavy metal ions in waste water, and has better absorption and removal effects as shown in a test by taking a solution containing malachite green and Cd (II) as the absorption object. The application of the foam material to treatment of the coloring matters and the heavy metal ions in sewage has the characteristics of simplicity in operation and high absorption rate, and has a certain practical value.