The invention relates to a preparation method of a silicon-carbide-fibrofelt-enhanced silica aerogel composite material, and relates to an aerogel composite material. According to the invention, a carbon-rich silicon carbide micro-nano ceramic fibrofelt with small fiber diameter, high porosity, communicating pores, fast impregnation speed, and good compatibility with a substrate is prepared with a static electro-spinning technology combined with a precursor conversion method; a silica sol is prepared with an acid-alkali two-step method; with an infiltration technology, the electro-spun silicon carbide ceramic fibrofelt or precast is soaked into the sol; and through processes such as gel process, aging, curing, solvent exchange, supercritical drying, and the like, the silicon-carbide-fibrofelt-enhanced silica aerogel composite material is obtained. The prepared composite material has the characteristics of low density, large specific surface area, super-hydrophobicity, low thermal conductivity, and the like. The strength and toughness of the material are also greatly improved. The carbon-rich silicon carbide fiber has an infrared shielding effect, such that composite material thermal insulation effect and ultra-high-temperature stability can be improved.