The present invention generally relates to organic polymers able to participate in an
analyte-recognition process, where an
analyte facilitates an
energy transfer between an energy donor and an energy
acceptor. Certain embodiments of the invention make use of fluorescent conjugated polymers, such as poly(
phenylene ethynylene)s and other polymers comprising pi-conjugated backbones. For example, one aspect of the invention provides a fluorescent conjugated
polymer and an indicator that can interact with each other in the presence of an
analyte to produce an emissive
signal. In some cases, the interaction may include
energy exchange mechanisms, such as Dexter
energy transfer or the
strong coupling effect. The interaction of the conjugated
polymer and the indicator, in some instances, may be facilitated through specific interactions, such as a
protein /
carbohydrate interaction, a ligand /
receptor interaction, etc. Another aspect of the invention provides for the detection of biological entities, for example,
pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, or viruses such as influenza
virus. In some cases, biological recognition elements may be used to determine the
biological entity, for instance, carbohydrates that can be used to specifically interact with at least part of the
biological entity, such as a
protein in the
cell membrane of a bacterium. Still other aspects of the invention involve articles, devices, and kits using any of the above-described systems.