609 results about "Heat of combustion" patented technology

Mixed alcohols can be used as a fuel additive in gasoline, diesel, jet fuel or as a neat fuel in and of itself. The mixed alcohols can contain C₁-C₅ alcohols, or in the alternative, C₁-C₈, or higher, alcohols in order to boost energy content. The C₁-C₅ mixed alcohols contain more ethanol than methanol with amounts of propanol, butanol and pentanol. C₁-C₈ mixed alcohols contain the same, with amounts of hexanol, heptanol and octanol. A gasoline-based fuel includes gasoline and the mixed alcohols. A diesel based fuel includes diesel and the mixed alcohols. A jet fuel includes kerosene and the mixed alcohols. The neat fuel of the mixed alcohols has an octane number of at least 109 and the Reid Vapor Pressure is no greater than 5 psi. The gross heat of combustion is at least 12,000 BTU's/lb.

A recycling system has a pyrolysis apparatus (40) having a combustion section (42) for selectively combusting a carbon component in materials, and a gasification section (41) for pyrolyzing and gasifying the materials by using heat of combustion in the combustion section (42). The materials include residual oil from an atmospheric distillation unit (10), a vacuum distillation unit (20), and a decomposition unit (28), various wastes including waste plastics (181), wastes (182), and shredder dust (183), and organic matter such as biomass (184). The recycling system has a passage for supplying pyrolysates (120) produced in the gasification section (41) to an oil refinery system or a petrochemical system.

The invention relates to reactor systems and processes for producing synthesis gas. In one embodiment, a reactor comprises a first reaction zone comprising a combustion catalyst, wherein the first reaction zone is operated at conditions sufficient to produce a combustion zone product comprising heat generated by the combustion of a fuel. The reactor further comprises a second reaction zone comprising a partial oxidation catalyst, wherein the second reaction zone is adapted to receive the combustion zone product and a reaction feed comprising a hydrocarbon gas. The second reaction zone is operated at conditions sufficient for partially oxidizing the hydrocarbon gas to a product stream comprising synthesis gas. The heat of combustion is transferred directly to the reaction feed by mixing it in a feed mix region located in the reactor between the first and second reaction zones, in such a manner that the reaction feed does not need preheating prior to entering the partial oxidation zone.

The invention discloses an inorganic micro/nanoparticle/polymer composite building thermal-insulation aerogel material which is compounded from the following components in parts by weight: 0.5-50 parts of inorganic micro/nanoparticle, 0.1-5 parts of polymer, 0-10 parts of crosslinkable polymer, 0.5-20 parts of reinforcing fiber, 0.1-5 parts of defoaming agent and 100 parts of water. The density of the material is 12-620 Kg/m<3>, the heat conductivity coefficient is 0.016-0.025 w/m.k, and the combustion heat value is 1.1-2.0 MJ/Kg. The invention also provides a preparation method of the aerogel material. The aerogel material disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low density, light weight, favorable mechanical strength and low heat conductivity coefficient, and is beneficial to energy saving and consumption reduction. The combustion heat value is lower than 2.0 MJ/Kg, and thus, the aerogel material satisfies the flame-retardant requirements for Grade-A building thermal-insulation materials. The aerogel material is an ideal building flame-retardant thermal-insulation material, and can be widely used in external-wall thermal-insulation occasions.

A municipal or like refuse is crushing, mixing with crushed limestone, dry up in two stages—by hot air and by part of solid products of pyrolysis which other part goes on washing out and filtration. Pyrolysis is carried out in two stages—due to heat of the specified part of solid products of pyrolysis and simultaneous neutralization of allocated hydrogen chloride by limestone with reception of calcium chloride, and then due to heat of final chimney gases of the combustion chamber, where in three stages the washed solid products of pyrolysis preliminary drained by a part of combustion chamber slag are burnt together with liquid and gaseous products of pyrolysis. Gas allocated at pyrolysis condense and divide on organic, which is liquid fuel and water phases. Air after a dryer moves to blowing away of light organic substances from the specified water phase, is heated up due to heat of slag and moves in combustion chamber. Washing water goes on allocation of salts of heavy metals and calcium chloride, and slag after molding of a concrete mixture goes to the chamber of thermohumid processing of the slag concrete by a part of damp chimney gases after drying calcium chloride, other part of gases moves to manufacture of liquid carbon dioxide.

The invention relates to a device and methods for the characterisation of a flowing substance, liquid or gas. Particular embodiments of the invention relates to the use of the device for the identification of a flowing substance for controlling the flow of a fuel or combustion gas to deliver a controlled heat of combustion and for measuring the heat capacity of a gas. Further embodiments of the invention relate to a flow control device for controlling the flow rate of a flowing substance and a method for the combustion of a fuel or combustion gas. The device for the characterisation of a flowing substance comprises: a transport duct on which is mounted a heating or a cooling element; a temperature difference sensor comprising a first temperature measurement cell downstream of the heating or cooling element and means to determine a temperature difference in the flowing substance upstream and downstream of the heating or cooling element; flow control means comprising flow measurement means for measuring a mass flow characteristic and flow correction means for correcting for measured mass flow variations; and evaluation means for evaluating a characterising feature of the flowing substance comprising a function relating temperature differences measured on one or more calibration substances to one or more characterising features of the flowing substance. The device is relatively simple and cheap and gives a quick but accurate and reliable characterisation of a flowing substance, gas or liquid, that can be used in a flow control device to control the flow rate of unknown substances.

An internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder within which is a reciprocable piston movable in a compression stroke followed by movement in a power stroke and wherein a combustible fuel mixture is injected into the combustion chamber, compressed, ignited, and burned to produce the power stroke of the piston. After the fuel has been ignited and during the compression of such mixture a quantity of water from a reservoir is injected into the combustion chamber and converted by the heat of combustion into superheated steam, thereby generating within the combustion chamber a force which assists in driving the piston through its power stroke. The products of combustion and steam are discharged from the cylinder following the power stroke and cooled in a heat exchanger in which the steam is condensed, following which the gases are exhausted and the condensate returned to the water reservoir.

A honeycomb structure obtained by bonding, into one piece, a plurality of honeycomb segments (2) each having a plurality of passages (6) surrounded by cell walls and extending in the axial direction of the segment. In the honeycomb structure, a material A (3) having compressive elasticity is provided between a side surface (21) of at least one honeycomb segment [2(a)] not constituting the outermost peripheral surface (23) of the honeycomb structure (1) and a side surface of the honeycomb segment [(2(b)) adjacent thereto. A honeycomb structure assembly (8) obtained by providing a material B (5) having compressive elasticity on the outermost peripheral surface (23) of the honeycomb structure (1) in a compressed state and thereby compression-holding the resulting honeycomb structure in a metallic container (11). A honeycomb structure using materials having compressive elasticity (B) is resistant to breakage, and has superior durability and reliability, by reducing the thermal stress generated therein during use by a sharp temperature change of inflow gas, a local heat of reaction and a local heat of combustion.

A process, apparatus and material composition for forming a coherent refractory mass on a surface wherein one or more non-combustible materials are mixed with one or more metallic combustible powders and an oxidizer, igniting the mixture in a combustion chamber so that the combustible metallic particles react in an exothermic manner with the oxidizer and release sufficient heat to form a coherent mass of material under the action of the heat of combustion, and projecting this mass against the surface so that the mass adheres durably to the surface.

The present invention discloses a biomass fluidized-bed device and the method, the device includes a burning reactor equipped with at least one air inlet and a smoke gas outlet and a pyrolytic gasifying reactor which is connected with the burning reactor through pyrolytic gas connecting pipes and refeed connecting pipes, the pyrolytic gas connecting pipes are inserted into the upper or the middle of burning reactor, refeed connecting pipes are inserted into the lower of burning reactor, the pyrolytic gasifying reactor is also equipped with a gas inlet and a feeding mouth; the method is: first transmitting the biomass and addition agent into pyrolytic gasifying reactor to pyrolytic gasifying and generating carbonization pyrolytic gas; second transmitting the reacted pyrolytic gas into the dilute phase burning zone of burning reactor, transmitting the carbonization biomass into the dense phase burning zone of burning reactor to burn, the reacting temperature in pyrolytic gasifying reactor is 400-800deg.C and the reacting temperature in burning reactor is 600 -950deg.C, the method in the invention has characteristics of highly effective burning and effective preventing of base metal corrosion during the burning process.

The invention discloses an environment-friendly biomass granular fuel, which comprises the following components in part by weight: 80-85 parts of sawdust, 5-10 parts of sludge and 0.1-1 part of illegally recycled waste cooking oil. A preparation method of the environment-friendly biomass granular fuel comprises the following steps: drying the sawdust and the sludge, adding the illegally recycled waste cooking oil to the sawdust and the sludge, agitating the mixture uniformly, and processing the mixture into cylindrical grains under conditions of a high temperature and a high pressure. By using the biomass granular fuel provided by the invention, the production cost is decreased; the energy consumption is decreased; the combustion heat value is high; the combustion time is long; the wear of a machine is reduced; the environment is protected effectively; the fuel problem is solved; simultaneously, the health is also protected; the biomass granular fuel is environment-friendly; the cost is decreased; after the biomass granular fuel is combusted, waste residues can be returned to the nature to be used as a fertilizer, and also can be used as a raw material of an environment-friendly brick; and the resource utilization and the harmless treatment of waste materials such as the sludge, the illegally recycled waste cooking oil and the like are achieved.

A non-contact sludge drying system with flue gas heat according to the present invention includes a dryer, and further includes an economizer, a high-temperature flue gas heat recovery device, and an air preheater that are successively disposed in the flue along a flue gas flowing direction. A heater is disposed in the dryer, the high-temperature flue gas heat recovery device is connected to the heater by a circulation pipe, a heat transfer medium is disposed in the circulation pipe, a heat transfer medium driving device is disposed on the circulation pipe, and the dryer is connected to a sludge vapor recovery system. The non-contact sludge drying system with flue gas heat according to the present invention uses the flue gas heat from a thermal power plant boiler or another industrial boiler as a heat source to further dehydrate and dry the dehydrated sludge of the sewage treatment plant, so that the dried sludge can be used as a fuel with certain heat of combustion or composted for further treatment.

A heat integrated steam reformer, which incorporates a catalytic combustor, which can be used in a fuel processor for hydrogen production from a fuel source, is described. The reformer assembly comprises a reforming section and a combustion section, separated by a wall. Catalyst (21) able to induce the reforming reactions is placed in the reforming section, either in the form of pellets or in the form of coating on a suitable structured catalyst substrate such as fecralloy sheets. Catalyst (22) able to induce the combustion reactions is placed in the combustion section in the form of coating on suitable structured catalyst substrate such as fecralloy sheet. A steam and fuel mixture (30) is supplied to the reforming section (14) where it is reformed to produce hydrogen. A fuel and an oxygen (32) containing gas mixture is supplied to the combustion section where it is catalytically combusted to supply the heat for the reformer. The close placement of the combustion and reforming catalysts facilitate efficient heat transfer. Multiple such assemblies can be bundled to form reactors of any size. The reactor made of this closely packed combustion and reforming sections is very compact.

Gasification of carbon-containing raw material into gasified gas and recovery of CO₂ are enabled at the same pressure throughout a system.

Provided are a hydration tower 1 for performing hydration reaction by contact of CaO with water vapor while keeping at a predetermined pressure and a temperature at or below an upper limit for production of Ca(OH)₂; a gasification reactor 2 with a water removal section 2a for dehydration of Ca(OH)₂ introduced through heating to obtain highly active CaO and with a gasification section 2b for production of char through reaction of a raw material with water vapor and production of gasified gas through gasification of the char, CO₂ being absorbed by CaO from the section 2a to produce CaCO₃, heat of reaction at that time being used for the gasification of the raw material, the gasified gas being used as a heat source for the dehydration in the section 2a; and an absorbent regeneration tower 3 in which, in the presence of the char-containing CaCO₃ from the section 2b, CO₂, water vapor and oxygen, CaCO₃ is calcined with heat of combustion of the char to separate it into CO₂ and CaO, the resultant CaO being supplied to the hydration tower 1. The pressure in the reactor 2 and in the tower 3 connected to the tower 1 is the same as pressure in the tower 1.