814 results about "Jet fuel" patented technology

Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols useful as liquid fuels, such as gasoline, jet fuel or diesel fuel, and industrial chemicals. The process involves the conversion of mono-oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, furans, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, to C₄₊ hydrocarbons, alcohols and/or ketones, by condensation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

A coalescer filter element for the separation of water from hydrocarbon fluids, such as kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and gasoline under surfactant conditions such as thermal stability additive and dispersant. Coalescer fibrous material has hydrophobic properties which resist surfactant coating of the fibers thereby allowing breakdown of water emulsion in the hydrocarbon fluids. The coalescer has a negative media density gradient in the liquid flow direction.

Described is a method for making a composition comprising alkanes. The composition is suitable for use as a liquid transportation fuel in general, and jet fuel in particular. The method includes dehydrating a feedstock solution comprising a carbohydrate, in the presence of an acid catalyst, to yield at least one furan derivative compound, in a reaction vessel containing a biphasic reaction medium: an aqueous reaction solution and a substantially immiscible organic extraction solution. The furan derivative compound is then subjected to a self-aldol condensation reaction or a crossed-aldol condensation reaction with another carbonyl compound to yield a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound and/or an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl compound. The beta-hydroxy carbonyl and/or alpha-beta unsaturated compounds are then hydrogenated to yield a saturated or partially saturated compound, followed by hydrodeoxygenation (e.g., dehydrating and hydrogenating) of the saturated or partially saturated compound to yield a composition of matter comprising alkanes.

A method for producing biofuels along with valuable food and neutraceutical products is provided. A method of making biofuels includes dewatering substantially intact algal cells to make an algal biomass, extracting neutral lipids along with carotenoids and chlorophylls from the algal biomass, and separation of the carotenoids and chlorophylls using adsorption or membrane diafiltration or other methods. The remaining neutral lipids are esterified with a catalyst in the presence of an alcohol. The method also includes separating a water soluble fraction comprising glycerin from a water insoluble fraction comprising fuel esters and distilling the fuel esters under vacuum to obtain a C16 or shorter fuel esters fraction, a C16 or longer fuel ester fraction, and a residue comprising omega-3 fatty acids esters and remaining carotenoids. The method further includes hydrogenating and deoxygenating at least one of (i) the C16 or shorter fuel esters to obtain a jet fuel blend stock and (ii) the C16 or longer fuel esters to obtain a diesel blend stock.

A reformer such as a CPO (18) receives a mix of fuel, moisture and oxygen from a mixing region (21) having an igniter (26, 66), which may include an inert ceramic foam (19), the fuel being provided by an atomizing nozzle (22), thereby avoiding the need for a vaporizer before use. The oxygen and moisture may comprise engine exhaust (11, 12). Fuel from a vehicle fuel tank (9), may be gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, or JP-8. The atomizing nozzle may be a gas-assist nozzle (22a), receiving the assisting gas from (a) engine exhaust (10), (b) a turbocharger (33), (c) an air pump (50) or (d) a steam generator (57). The oxygen and moisture may comprise moisturized air, which may be achieved by an ejector (41) which ingests water from a tank (43) in response to the flow of air from a pump (50) through a conduit (47). The air may be regeneratively heated (48) with the CPO exhaust. The igniter may be a glow plug (26) or a heater wire (66) coated with catalyst.

Mixed alcohols can be used as a fuel additive in gasoline, diesel, jet fuel or as a neat fuel in and of itself. The mixed alcohols can contain C₁-C₅ alcohols, or in the alternative, C₁-C₈, or higher, alcohols in order to boost energy content. The C₁-C₅ mixed alcohols contain more ethanol than methanol with amounts of propanol, butanol and pentanol. C₁-C₈ mixed alcohols contain the same, with amounts of hexanol, heptanol and octanol. A gasoline-based fuel includes gasoline and the mixed alcohols. A diesel based fuel includes diesel and the mixed alcohols. A jet fuel includes kerosene and the mixed alcohols. The neat fuel of the mixed alcohols has an octane number of at least 109 and the Reid Vapor Pressure is no greater than 5 psi. The gross heat of combustion is at least 12,000 BTU's/lb.

A power system for an aircraft includes a solid oxide fuel cell system which generates electric power for the aircraft and an exhaust stream; and a heat exchanger for transferring heat from the exhaust stream of the solid oxide fuel cell to a heat requiring system or component of the aircraft. The heat can be transferred to fuel for the primary engine of the aircraft. Further, the same fuel can be used to power both the primary engine and the SOFC. A heat exchanger is positioned to cool reformate before feeding to the fuel cell. SOFC exhaust is treated and used as inerting gas. Finally, oxidant to the SOFC can be obtained from the aircraft cabin, or exterior, or both.

The invention relates to a new liquid chain hydrocarbon fuel synthetic route that acquires a platform chemical compound based on a lignocellulose raw material and is completely independent of fossil energy. The liquid fuel obtained by the method can be used as a substitute of aviation kerosene and diesel oil or as an additive for improving the cetane number and cold hardiness of fuels, thereby reducing the national dependence on imported petroleum in terms of liquid fuels. The method provided in the invention consists of two parts: 1) on a novel solid acid catalyst, an aldehyde group-containing compound (such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde, etc.) and a furan platform compound (such as furan, methyl furan, and hydroxylmethyl furan, etc.) undergo an acid catalyzed alkylation reaction to prepare an oxygen-containing organic compound with a carbon chain length of 8-16; and 2) hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation are conducted on an alkylation product to hydrogenate unsaturated bonds and remove the oxygen therein, thus preparing aviation kerosene or high grade diesel oil with a carbon chain length ranging from 8 to 16.

The present invention relates to hydrocarbons and particularly to the manufacture of hydrocarbon components suitable as aviation fuels or jet fuels and as blending stocks for aviation fuels. The process comprises the stages, wherein in the first stage an oil feed of biological origin and hydrogen gas are subjected to conditions sufficient to effect hydrodeoxygenation in the presence of a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst to yield n-paraffins;

in the second stage the n-paraffins and hydrogen gas are subjected to conditions sufficient to effect isomerisation in the presence of an isomerisation catalyst to yield isoparaffins and separating fractions; and

recycling the fraction boiling at a temperature above 200° C. under atmospheric pressure obtained from the second stage to reisomerisation, where isomerisation is effected in the presence of an isomerisation catalyst.

Alternative gasoline, diesel fuel, marine diesel fuel, jet fuel, and flexible fuel compositions are disclosed. The compositions include an alcohol and/or a glycerol ether or mixture of glycerol ethers, which can be derived from renewable resources. When combined with gasoline/ethanol blends, the glycerol ethers can reduce the vapor pressure of the ethanol and increasing the fuel economy. When added to diesel fuel/alcohol blends, glycerol ethers improve the cetane value of the blends. All or part of the diesel fuel in the compositions described herein can be biodiesel fuel and/or synthetic fuel derived from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can also use feedstocks derived from sources other than crude oil, such as methane, methanol, ethanol, lignin and glycerol, which can further reduce reliance on foreign sources of crude oil. When used in jet fuel, glycerol ethers can replace all or part of conventional deicing additives, thus lowering skin toxicity, and glycerol ethers ability to reduce particulate emissions can lower the appearance of contrails. When used in marine diesel, the reduction in particulate emissions can be environmentally significant. In another embodiment, the alternative compositions comprise gasoline, ethanol, and n-butanol, and in one aspect, the ethanol and/or n-butanol can be derived from renewable resources. Fuel additive compositions, including glycerol ethers and hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, are also disclosed.

A gas turbine engine internal fuel manifold has a plurality of airblast fuel nozzles in communication with an air source such that nozzle core air does not pass through the manifold.

The present invention is intended to sufficiently fulfill the supercharging function at the time of either of low speed running of the engine and high speed running and realizing output improvement or fuel expense reduction. The present invention has the engine 101 having the jet mechanism for directly jetting fuel into the cylinder 101a, the first turbo supercharger 104 for supercharging the engine 101 at the time of low speed rotation, the second turbo supercharger 105 for supercharging at the time of high speed rotation, the first and second exhaust control valves 106 and 107 for selecting exhaust paths relating to the first and second turbo superchargers 104 and 105 and controlling the exhaust gas flow rate, and the controller 114 for controlling the switching operation of the exhaust control valves 106 and 107 so as to realize lamination combustion or homogeneous combustion using the first and second turbo superchargers 104 and 105 according to the operation conditions of the engine 101.