The invention discloses a shaft-type part appearance detection method based on a linear camera. The shaft-type part appearance detection method comprises a fixed support, wherein the fixed support adopts a U-shaped structure, the fixed support is provided with a motor fixing frame, a rotating motor is installed on the motor fixing frame, a motor shaft of the rotating motor is connected with a rotating shaft, the outer end part of the rotating shaft is fixed on the center of a fixed plate, the fixed plate is installed on one side end surface of the to-be-detected shaft-type part, the to-be-detected shaft-type part is transversely arranged and is parallel to the ground, the inner side of the top of the fixed support is provided with a camera support and a switching plate, the camera supportis longitudinally provided with a channel, one end of the switching plate is fixedly connected with a bolt on the channel of the camera support, the other end is fixedly connected with a linear camera, the linear camera is arranged above the to-be-detected shaft-type part, the inner side of the bottom of the fixed support is provided with a backlight source, and the outer wall of the fixed supportis also provided with a monitoring terminal. The shaft-type part appearance detection method is simple in structure principle, capable of efficiently and precisely detecting the appearance of the shaft-type part, high in working efficiency, and capable of increasing the appearance qualification rate of the shaft-type part at the same time.