75 results about "Dipicolinic acid" patented technology

The invention relates to methods and kits and methods for assessing the effectiveness of a sterilization process by determining the release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) from bacterial or other spores that contain DPA. A biological indicator containing a spore may be included together with articles being sterilized, and an assay of DPA released from the spore can be performed moments after the sterilization process is completed, or during the process. The kits and methods thus provide a rapid and reliable method of assessing the effectiveness of a sterilization process and, consequently, assure the sterility of article subjected to the same process.

The invention provides a dual-organic-ligand MOF, the MOF structurally comprises two different organic ligands with dicarboxylic structures; and the two different organic ligands with the dicarboxylicstructures comprise a phthalic acid organic ligand and a dipicolinic acid organic ligand. The structure of the provided dual-organic-ligand MOF comprises two different organic ligands, different organic ligands in the framework have different chemical functional groups, a chemical formula having an amino structure and a pyridine structure is obtained, the framework structure is charged due to thetwo organic ligands with two different chemical functional groups, the limit of the neutral framework of the MOF is broken, in addition to the fact that the positively charged framework structure with a high specific surface area shows the characteristic of the high specific surface area in the adsorption process, the MOF having different functional groups and the charged framework structure strengthens the adsorption effect in the dye wastewater, and has a better effect on adsorbing charged substances like an anionic dye.

A disinfectant with hydrogen peroxide bactericidal activity is composed of A, B, C and D component. If the solute is metered by 100%, its weight account proportion of mixed solution A:B:C:D=5-100:1-50:1-100:1-1000 obtained through hydrogen cation resin exchanged and filtered, wherein A is hydrogen peroxide; B is form one or more of glutaric anhydride, adipic anhydride, succinic anhydride, acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, benzoic anhydride and phthalic anhydride; C is from one or more of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, dipicolinic acid, sorbic acid, acetic acid, glutaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, and phthalic acid; D is from one or more of ethanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, glycerol, and polyvinyl alcohol. It is a good stability, strong bactericidal, fungicidal spectrum-efficient disinfectant.

The invention discloses a rate-type rare-earth fluorescent probe Tb / DPA@SiO2-Eu / GMP, a preparation method of visual test paper and an application thereof in the aspect of detecting bacillus-anthracis biomarker, namely 2, 6 dipicolinic acid (DPA). After the fluorescent probe is synthesized by a reverse microemulsion method, the quantitative detection for the concentration of the DPA is realized by utilizing a time-resolved fluorescence analysis method. Further, the portable visual test paper is prepared by soaking filter paper in a fluorescent probe solution, and can be applied to mobile-phone software for recognizing colors to detect the concentration of the DPA. The invention has the advantages that the currently-common traditional detection mode is changed, the complex operation process is not needed and the cost is saved. The invention has the characteristics of high accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity. The prepared test paper has the advantages of being convenient in carry and use, low in price and the like and has wide application prospect.

A lanthanide is combined with a medium to be tested for endospores. The dipicolinic acid released from the endospores binds the lanthanides, which have distinctive emission (i.e., luminescence) spectra, and are detected using photoluminescence. The concentration of spores is determined by preparing a calibration curve generated from photoluminescence spectra of lanthanide complex mixed with spores of a known concentration. A lanthanide complex is used as the analysis reagent, and is comprised of lanthanide ions bound to multidentate ligands that increase the dipicolinic acid binding constant through a cooperative binding effect with respect to lanthanide chloride. The resulting combined effect of increasing the binding constant and eliminating coordinated water and multiple equilibria increase the sensitivity of the endospore assay by an estimated three to four orders of magnitude over prior art of endospore detection based on lanthanide luminescence.

The invention discloses a dual-rare earth organic frame material with biotemperature and pH multi-detection property. The composition of the dual-rare earth organic frame material is as follows: EuxTb1-xLn, wherein x is more than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.5, n is equal to 1-3, L is an organic ligand which contains both phthalic acid group and dipicolinic acid group. The dual-rare earth organic frame material is synthesized by virtue of a hydrothermal method. The synthetic method has the advantages of simple process, moderation in condition, easily available raw materials and higher productivity. A product has the characteristic luminous peaks of rare earth europium and terbium, the strength ratio IEu / ITb of the characteristic luminous peaks shows good exponential relation with pH, the pH value of a solution can be detected, and the pH range is 3.9-7.5; the temperature change can be responded under a fixed pH environment, the temperature change shows good linear relation with temperature, and the temperature range is 25-50 DEG C. The dual-rare earth organic frame material disclosed by the invention has the advantages of detection capacity of the biotemperature and the pH, high response speed, high sensitivity and high anti-interference capacity and can be used for effectively realizing the self calibration.

The invention relates to micro-electronic multilayer metal film etching liquid and application thereof. The micro-electronic multilayer metal film etching liquid comprises, by weight percentage, 5%-25% of hydrogen peroxide, 3%-10% of auxiliary acid, 2%-10% of a hydrogen peroxide stabilizer, 0.001%-1% of a taper angle control agent, 0.1%-1% of an additive and the balance ultrapure water. The auxiliary acid is an acidic material capable of providing H+; the hydrogen peroxide stabilizer is a combination of three kinds of bis-phosphonic acid tetrasodium, 8-hydroxyquinoline, citric acid, dipicolinic acid, aminoethanol phosphoric acid, picolinic acid and polyacrylamide; and the taper angle control agent is an organic compound containing amidogens, and the carbon chain length of the taper angle control agent ranges from 1 to 10. According to the micro-electronic multilayer metal film etching liquid, the special hydrogen peroxide stabilizer is selected, the additive in the etching liquid is used in a matched manner, and therefore the long-period stored etching liquid can be obtained; and meanwhile, the etching capacity of the etching liquid is stabilized.

The invention relates to a preparation method and an application of an N-heterocyclic carbine palladium compound containing a pyridyl-2-formate or pyridyl-2,6-diformate ligand. The N-heterocyclic carbine palladium compound containing the pyridyl-2-formate or pyridyl-2,6-diformate ligand is generated by reacting initial raw materials of a substituted imidazolium or imidazolium salt, palladium chloride and 2-picolinic acid or 2,6-dipicolinic acid, or the N-heterocyclic carbine palladium compound is generated in a high yield manner by using a corresponding N-heterocyclic carbine palladium chloride dipolymer and 2-picolinic acid or 2,6-dipicolinic acid as initial raw materials. The N-heterocyclic carbine palladium compound of the invention has a very high catalytic activity when being used in a C-N cross-coupling reaction of a halogenated arene and an organic amine as a catalyst. The chemical structural formula of the N-heterocyclic carbine palladium compound containing the pyridyl-2-formate or pyridyl-2,6-diformate ligand is shown in the specification. In the chemical structural formula, m is 0-4, and n is 0-3; and carbon numbers of R<1>, R<2>, R<3>, R<4> and R<5> are defined in the claim 1.

The invention relates to the field of biopesticides and microbial fertilizers and particularly discloses bacillus methylotrophicus wettable powder containing a spore germination agent and a preparation method thereof. The wettable powder is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-70 parts of bacillus methylotrophicus, 20-30 parts of talcum powder serving as a padding, 1-4 parts of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate serving as a wetting agent, 0.2-1 part of tea saponin serving as a dispersing agent, 0.1-0.5 part of methionine and 0.1-0.5 part of 2,6-dipicolinic acid calcium salt serving as a spore germinator, 0.5-2 parts of ascorbic acid and 0.2-1 part of beta-dextrin serving as an ultraviolet protector, and 1-4 parts of maltose and 0.2-1 part of mannitol serving as a dryness protector. After the bacillus methylotrophicus wettable powder prepared by the preparation method is applied to a land for growing field crops, the spore germination speed is rapid, and the germination rate is high; and the bacillus methylotrophicus wettable powder is capable obviously improving the fertilizer efficiency and plant disease control effect, reducing the spore dosage and lowering the cost.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a moxifloxacin hydrochloride intermediate, which comprises the following steps of: adding methylamine and 2,3-dipicolinic acid into a reaction vessel to perform a reflux reaction until the 2,3-dipicolinic acid is reacted completely, and carrying out post treatment to obtain an intermediate A; dissolving the intermediate A into alcohol, adding Pd-C with stirring, carrying out catalytic hydrogenation in a high pressure kettle with a pressure of 3Mpa and a temperature of 65 DEG C until the intermediate A is reacted completely, and carrying out post treatment to obtain an intermediate B; and adding tetrahydrofuran into the reaction vessel, carrying out ice-bath cooling to a temperature of below 5 DEG C, adding sodium borohydride and boron fluoride etherate, controlling a temperature in a range of below 15 DEG C, adding the intermediate B, performing a reflux reaction until the intermediate B is reacted to be disappeared, and carrying out post treatment to obtain an intermediate C. The method for preparing the moxifloxacin hydrochloride intermediate, which is provided by the invention, is simple to operate and has few steps and high yield, and the industrial production is easy to realize.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical co-crystals, and particularly relates to a novel Adefovir pharmaceutical co-crystal and a preparation method thereof. An Adefovir molecule and a 2,6-dipicolinic acid molecule are bonded by a hydrogen bond to form a basic structural unit of the Adefovir pharmaceutical co-crystal. The space group of the Adefovir pharmaceutical co-crystal is a triclinic system, and the Adefovir pharmaceutical co-crystal has the following cell parameters: axial lengths: a=7.03-7.53, b=11.85-12.38, and c=11.99-12.49; and axial angles: alpha=76.35-76.85, beta=76.50-77.00, and gamma=77.16-77.66. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectrum characteristic peak appears at 12.00-12.50 degrees, 13.17-13.67 degrees, 13.98-14.48 degrees, 15.96-16.46 degrees, 17.72-18.22 degrees, 23.58-24.08 degrees and 25.46-25.96 degrees. The pharmaceutical co-crystal provided by the invention not only has the characteristics of the traditional active pharmaceutical ingredient in treating hepatitis b, but also obviously improves the solubility, stability and bioavailability.

The invention discloses a synthesis method for a moxifloxacin side chain.With 2,3-dipicolinic acid being a raw material, cyclization, catalytic hydrogenation, resolution and racemization are performed, and then chemical reduction and debenzylation are performed to obtain moxifloxacin side chain.Resolution, racemization and chemical reduction are performed in sequence, sodium borohydride is used for replacing high-risk lithium aluminum hydride to synthesize the moxifloxacin side chain, and the synthesis method has the advantages that industrial waste materials are reduced, the production cost is lowered, and productivity is increased.

The invention discloses a rare-earth carbon nanoparticle, a preparation method of the rare-earth carbon nanoparticle and application for determining a pH value based on a fluorescence color scale. Therare-earth carbon nanoparticle disclosed by the invention is a fluorescent nanoparticle formed by carrying out a one-pot hydrothermal reaction among rare-earth europium ion, terbium ion as well as 2,6-dipicolinic acid and polyethylene glycol 400. The fluorescence color scale principle of the rare-earth ions is changed to indicate the pH value by utilizing the enhanced luminescence effect of carbon dots and protonation of the 2,6-dipicolinic acid. The rare-earth carbon nanoparticle disclosed by the invention can give out light to indicate the pH value in the aqueous solution and / or cells, hasexcellent fluorescence in the aqueous solution, high pH determination sensitivity and fast pH response, and have advantages to determination of the pH value of a biological sample with excellent fluorescence background. Compared with the general visual colorimetry according to the fluorescence color scale, the method for determining the pH value based on the fluorescence color scale is accurate.

The invention discloses a Pr-MOFs (praseodymium-metal organic frameworks) crystal material. The Pr-MOFs crystal material is prepared by enabling praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate and 2,6-dipicolinic acid to react by a hydrothermal method, washing by alcohol and water, and drying. A preparation method comprises the following steps of (1) preparation of a reaction solution, adding cobalt nitrate hexahydrate into distilled water, and magnetically stirring, so as to obtain a clear cobalt nitrate solution; adding 2,6-dipicolinic acid into absolute ethyl alcohol, and magnetically stirring, so as to obtain the clear 2,6-dipicolinic acid solution; mixing the two types of solution, so as to obtain the reaction solution; (2) preparation of the Pr-MOFs material: loading the reaction solution into a reaction kettle, placing in an oven to react, and filtering, washing and drying the reaction product under certain conditions. The Pr-MOFs crystal material has the advantages that the crystallizing and degrading rate reaches 85 to 90% when the methylene blue is catalyzed under the simulated visible light condition; the prepared material is novel, the technology is simple, the cost is lower, the catalyzing and degrading property is excellent, and the application prospect is wide in the fields of catalyzing and degrading, adsorbing, sensing and the like.

The invention provides a method for recycling rare earth ions by using bacillus subtilis spores, and belongs to the technical field of recycling of mineral resources. The method for recycling the rareearth ions by using he bacillus subtilis spores comprises the following steps of (1) preparation of the spores; (2) collection of the spores; (3) adsorption of the spores; and (4) elution of the spores and recycling of the rare earth ions. The spores formed by using bacillus subtilis when nutritional conditions are bad has high adsorbability for the rare earth ions, the adsorption effect is obviously superior to a bacillus subtilis body, the spores have excellent adsorbability, elution can be realized by adding excessive 2,6-dipicolinic acids under the neutral condition after the adsorption,the elution of the spores and recycling of the rare earth ions are realized, the recycling process is simple, convenient and rapid, the spores after the elution can be reused, and resource waste and environmental pollution are reduced.

The invention discloses a chromium ion colorimetric detection probe, namely application of 2,6-dipicolinic acid functionalized gold nano-particles in detection of chromium ions. The chromium ions are Cr<3+> or Cr<6+>. The invention provides a method for preparing the 2,6-dipicolinic acid functionalized gold nano-particles of the claim 1. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: adding 10mL of a 0.5mM chloroauric acid water solution into a bottle; rapidly adding 4mL of a 2.5*10<-3>M to 1.25*10<-3>M 2,6-dipicolinic acid water solution under violent stirring; agitating for two minutes and adding 1.2mL of a 0.01M NaBH4 solution; agitating a mixed solution to react for one hour until the color of the solution is changed into red from no color; and stopping agitating to obtain the solution, namely the 2,6-dipicolinic acid functionalized gold nano-particles. The chromium ion colorimetric detection probe has the beneficial effects of high sensitivity, good selectivity and low detection limit.

The invention discloses a preparation method of (S, S)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3, 4-b]pyridine. The method includes: taking dipicolinic acid as the raw material, which is subjected to dehydration, ammonolysis, cyclization, pyridine ring hydrogenation, imide reduction, chiral separation, amino amidation, deamination, hydrogenation debenzylation, and deamidation, thus obtaining a target product. Specifically, the pyridine ring hydrogenation reaction is finished in a short time under low temperature and low pressure conditions. The imide reduction reaction adopts a cheap reducing agent, and has the characteristics of mild conditions, high yield, low cost, safety and reliability. The hydrogen debenzylation reaction undergoes under normal atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, thus avoiding the formation of by-products and lowering energy consumption. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple process, low cost, mild and easily controllable reaction conditions, as well as safe and reliable production process, thus being suitable for industrialized production.

The present invention relates to nanometer tubular hexahelix Fe(II)-Nd(III) polymer and its preparation process. The compound has the chemical expression of [Nd(PDA)3Fe1.5(H2O)3] .2.5H2O, where PDA is 2, 6-dipicolinic acid ligand. The compound is prepared through hydrothermal synthesis with 2, 6-dipicolinic acid ligand, and during the preparation, bivalent iron ion is protected in simple method to avoid being oxidized into trivalent iron ion. The present invention implants both high spinning Fe2+ ion and RE ion into nanometer tubular 3D polymer for the first time, and the obtained polymer has high heat stability, relatively high C6 symmetry and funny hexahelix structure. The polymer has wide application foreground in catalysis, adsorption, separation and other fields.

The invention relates to a lithium-ion battery anode material and discloses a preparation method for the lithium-ion battery anode material. The preparation method I is using dipicolinic acid and LiOH.H2O to prepare pyridinium lithium carboxylate through a reflow reaction method; the preparation method II is using dipicolinic acid and inorganic salt containing Li<+> to prepare pyridinium lithium dicarboxylate in a reaction kettle through a hydrothermal method. The preparation method has a simple process, is convenient and easy to operate, and is extensive in material source.

The invention discloses a method for preparing optically pure 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)3,5-dipicolinic acid 2-[(3,3-diphenylpropyl)methylamino]-1,1-dimethyl methyl ester. According to the invention, a racemized compound 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)3,5-dipicolinic acid 2-[(3,3-diphenylpropyl)methylamino]-1,1-dimethyl methyl ester in formula I and tartaric acid derivatives are dissolved in an organic solvent to perform the chemical resolution on the racemized compound in formula I so as to obtain a compound in formula II or III. The invention provides a low-cost method for preparing optically pure lercanidipine free alkali, and the method is suitable for industrialization.

The invention provides a preparation method for a substituted pyridine dicarboxylic acid derivative, belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and can solve the problems that the existing preparation method for preparing 5-methoxyl methyl-2,3-dipicolinic acid requires no water in a reaction system, process conditions are rigorous, a preparation flow is complicated, in addition, a largeamount of waste liquid can be produced, and the preparation method is not environment-friendly. According to the preparation method provided by the invention, water is not required to be removed in amethylating process; synthesizing is performed by adding an alkaline in the existence of water; then, acidifying and filtering are performed in a water-containing organic phase, so that the yield of the product can be improved when the product is refined. Meanwhile, because of the existence of the water, the mixture of the product, namely, the 5-methoxyl methyl-2,3-dipicolinic acid and an organicsalt, is directly obtained after filtering; and by the method, a solvent of a filtered waste liquid can be recovered for cycle use, so that the wastewater amount in the method is remarkably less thanthat in the prior art. In addition, the product contains the organic salt, but the product quality can meet the use in preparation of imidazolinone series of compounds.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a carbon-nitrogen-based iron cobalt oxide nanocluster MOF catalyst and application of the catalyst in electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and belongs tothe fields of nanomaterials, catalytic technologies and the like. The preparation method comprises the following main steps: taking 2,6-dipicolinic acid, iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate as raw materials, and blending at room temperature to prepare FeCo-MOF nanoclusters; heating the FeCo-MOF nanoclusters in air atmosphere to obtain the carbon-nitrogen-based iron cobalt oxide nanocluster MOF catalyst. The raw materials for preparing the catalyst are low in cost; the preparation method has the advantages of simple preparation process, low reaction energy consumption and industrial application prospect. The catalyst is used for high-efficiency electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation and has good electrochemical nitrogen fixation activity.

The invention discloses a fluorescent probe for detecting the concentration of 2,6-dipicolinic acid with a fluorescent method. The fluorescent probe comprises gold nano-cluster particles doped with europium elements, and the particle size of the fluorescent probe is 1 to 2nm. Through combination of the luminescence of rare-earth europium elements and the stable luminescence of gold nano-clusters,the obtained europium-doped gold nano-cluster fluorescent probe has the characteristic of ratio-dependent luminescence, so that the environmental built-in interference is eliminated; a stable luminescence signal, high detection accuracy, high sensitivity and a wide detection range are achieved; and the detection limit is lowered. The invention also provides a biosensor for detecting the concentration of 2,6-dipicolinic acid with the fluorescent method. Through combination of the europium-doped gold nano-cluster fluorescent probe and a standard curve, subsequent detection steps can be simplified; high sensitivity, high accuracy and a wide detection range are achieved; and other precise and precious instruments are not required. The invention also discloses preparation methods of the fluorescent probe and the biosensor. The preparation methods have the advantages of simple preparation process, easiness in operation, low cost and suitability for popularization and use.

The invention discloses a 2,6-dipicolinic acid-(ferrocene monoformic acid)triphenyltin complex, its preparation method and its application. The complex of the invention has high anticancer activity, and can be used as a raw material for preparing a medicine to treat mouse chronic granulocytic leukemia and human cervical carcinoma. Compared with current platinum anticancer medicines, the organotincomplex of the present invention has the characteristics of high anticancer activity, good fat solubility, low cost, simple preparation method and the like.

The invention discloses a metal organic complex having antineoplastic activity. A chemical reaction of the complex is [Pr(C7H3NO4)3].C4H10N2, the molecular weight is 1677.01, is characterized by comprising a zero-dimensional structure and a trigonal system, a space group is P-3, the unit cell parameter is a=14.953(2), b=14.953(2), c=10.099(2), alpha=beta=90 DEG, gamma=120 DEG, V=1955.5(5), Z=1; wherein the metal organic complex is prepared by taking Pr(NO3)3.6H2O, 2,6-dipicolinic acid, and anhydrous piperazine as raw materials through a hydrothermal method. The process is simple, cost is low, the obtained complex has good inhibition effect on chronic granulocytic leukemia cell strain K562 and esophageal cancer cell line OE-19, and is hopeful for preparing the corresponding antitumor drug.

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing 2,6-dipicolinic acid. The method comprises the following steps: under the condition of air isolation, by using anhydrous diethyl ether or THF (tetrahydrofuran) as solvent, reacting 2,6-dichloropyridine used as a raw material with active metal under the action of an initiator to obtain a Grignard reagent; and cooling, then introducing excessive dry carbon dioxide gas, and acidifying to obtain the 2,6-dipicolinic acid. According to the invention, the cheap 2,6-dichloropyridine is used as the raw material, so the cost is low; and the synthesis process route is simple and easy to control, and can easily implement industrial production.

The invention discloses a synthetic method for 2,3-dipicolinic acid. According to the invention, CuSO4.5H2O, sulfuric acid, sodium quinoline chlorate, methyl 4-formylbenzoate, pyrrole, H2TCPP-OMe andMnCl2.6H2O are used as raw materials. The synthetic method of the invention uses quinoline for oxidative ring-opening in the oxidation system of NaClO3-H2SO4-CuSO4 under the action of the catalyst Mn-TCPP and then successively carries out alkali hydrolysis and acidification to obtain 2,3-dipicolinic acid. As the phenyl ring and the double bond of the catalyst Mn-TCPP are connected with electron-donating groups, electron cloud density on the double bond can be increased, and it is easier to attack and activate reactant intermediates; so ring-opening oxidation effect is improved, and yield is significantly higher than the yield of products obtained by conventional oxidation of potassium permanganate.

The invention relates to the field of fine chemical synthesis, in particular to a preparation method of 2, 3-dipicolinic acid. According to the method, oxygen is adopted to oxidize quinoline under the reaction pressure of 2-4 MPa in the presence of sulfuric acid and copper sulfate, the finished product of 2, 3-dipicolinic acid is obtained through filtration, alkali fusion, decoloration, acid pickling and drying, waste liquid generated in the reaction can be directly applied to the production process of 2, 3-dipicolinic acid, and the yield is increased to 83% or above. According to the method, the magnetic activated carbon prepared from the cotton straw is adopted as the adsorbent to perform decoloration and impurity removal on the 2, 3-dipicolinic acid crude product, the adsorption effect is good, the 2, 3-dipicolinic acid product is a white crystal, and the product purity is as high as 99.97%.

The invention relates to the field of pesticide chemistry, in particular to a preparation method of a 2, 3-dipicolinic acid ester derivative intermediate and a 2, 3-dipicolinic acid ester derivative, which comprises the following steps: dissolving a general formula II and a general formula III in an organic solvent, adding a strong base for reaction, filtering, washing, and drying to obtain the 2, 3-dipicolinic acid ester derivative intermediate. After the reaction is finished, carrying out acidification treatment by using an alcoholic solution of anhydrous acid to obtain an acidification reaction solution of the intermediate I; carrying out heat treatment on an acidification reaction solution of the intermediate I, then dropwise adding a general formula IV, and after the reaction is finished, carrying out simple post-treatment to obtain a general formula V; according to the method for preparing the 2, 3-dipicolinic acid ester and the derivative thereof, the two-step reaction can be carried out through a one-pot boiling method, free ammonia generated in the second step provides an ammonia source for pyridine ring formation, and the whole process is safe, environmentally friendly, high in atom utilization rate, economical, efficient and suitable for industrial production.