The present invention discloses a gear and shaft part carburization depth pulse eddy current detection apparatus, which comprises a pulse signal generator, a power amplifier, an electric eddy current probe, a signal conditioning amplifier, a data acquisition card and a computer, wherein the pulse signal generator generates a pulse signal, the generated pulse signal passes through the power amplifier and then drives the electric eddy current probe, and the signal output by the electric eddy current probe passes through the signal conditioning amplifier and the data acquisition card, and then is input into the computer. The invention further provides a detection method using the apparatus. With the apparatus and the method of the present invention, the problems of random sampling, destructiveness, high cost, requirement of chemical reagents, tedious and time-consuming process, and the like of the gear and shaft part carburization depth detection in the current actual production are solved, the advantages of no damage on part use performance, rapid detection, low instrument cost, no limitation by the skin effect, and the like are provided, and the 100% online detection on the gear and shaft parts can be achieved.