104 results about "Ethyl levulinate" patented technology

The present invention relates to a catalyst for transfer hydrogenation, which is formed of a metal-organic framework having an MOF-808 based X-ray diffraction pattern.A high crystalline porous MOF-808 based metal-organic framework exhibits excellent performance in the transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate (EL) at high and low temperature.

The invention belongs to the technical field of compound synthesis, and particularly relates to a method for preparing ethyl levulinate by catalyzing biomass sugar to be directly alcoholyzed. According to the method disclosed by the invention, Al3<+> salt is used as a catalyst. The method for preparing the ethyl levulinate by catalyzing biomass sugar to be directly alcoholyzed is not only moderate in reaction condition and strong in substrate universality, but also high in yield of the ethyl levulinate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparing ethyl levulinate, in particular to a direct transformation process of ethyl levulinate by hydrolysis of cellulose materials. The process comprises the following steps: adding the cellulose materials into a reaction system comprising ethanol, liquid acid catalyst / solid acid catalyst, and cosolvent, hydrolyzing for 2 to 60 minutes at the temperature of 150 to 230 DEG C to obtain hydrolyzate containing the ethyl levulinate, and purifying the hydrolyzate to obtain the ethyl levulinate. In the invention, the cosolvent is added into the hydrolysis system of the cellulose materials, and the intermediate products such as hydromethyl furfural, the levulinic acid and the like generated during the hydrolysis of the cellulose materials can be extracted into an organic phase containing the cosolvent in the presence of the cosolvent, thereby preventing the further reduction of the intermediate products, facilitating the reduction of by-products and facilitating the yield increase of ethyl levulinate.

The invention provides a method for preparing furfuryl alcohol by utilizing a hydrogen transfer reaction to catalyze furfural. The method comprises the following steps that under the catalysis of a heterogeneous catalyst, namely magnetic hydroxyapatite, the furfural and alcoholic compounds with hydrogen donors are subjected to the hydrogen transfer reaction, wherein the ratio of the magnetic hydroxyapatite to the alcoholic compounds to the furfural is 20-120 g to 8-20 L to 1 mol. A reaction container is filled with nitrogen (N2) of which pressure is 1-20 bar at room temperature, the reaction temperature is 100 DEG C-200 DEG C, and a reduced product, namely the furfuryl alcohol, is obtained after 1-12 h. The method for preparing the furfuryl alcohol by utilizing the hydrogen transfer reaction to catalyze the furfural is simple in process, convenient to operate and safe and environmentally friendly. The catalyst is a non-precious metal catalyst and cheap and easy to obtain, has magnetism and is easy to separate, and can be reused repeatedly. The activity does not decrease. The industrial cost of preparing the furfuryl alcohol can be lowered to a large extent, ethyl levulinate can be catalyzed to react and gamma-valerolactone is generated, and other compounds containing C=O bonds can be also reduced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparation of ethyl levulinate and particularly relates to a method for preparing ethyl levulinate by using straw-type biomass. According to the method, lignin in cellulose biomass is removed by ethanol extraction, alcoholysis esterification is performed, and both ethanol lignin and ethyl levulinate are obtained, so the utilization rate of raw materials is improved. Moreover, the method has the advantages of short reaction time, less side reaction and high product concentration.

A method of making alkanes from lignocellulosic sources of C5 and C6 sugars. Suitable biomass feedstocks are converted into alkane-based fuels such as diesel and jet fuel blendstocks. Sugar monomers from the feedstocks are converted to chlormethylfurfural (CMF) with a levulinic acid (LA) byproduct. The CMF and LA are converted to ethyl levulinate (EL) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which are then combined into longer chain molecules via aldol condensation reactions. The condensation products are partially or fully saturated by mild hydrotreating, followed by deoxygenation to form alkanes with boiling ranges suitable for use as liquid fuels.

The invention discloses a method for preparing ethyl levulinate based on solid superacid catalysis and furfuryl alcohol alcoholysis, and relates to ethyl levulinate. The method comprises the steps of adding furfuryl alcohol, a catalyst and a reaction solvent to a reaction kettle, reacting, and obtaining ethyl levulinate. The catalyst is selected from at least one of solid superacid of SO4<2-> / TiO2, SO4<2-> / ZrO2, SO4<2-> / Fe2O3, SO4<2-> / SnO2, and SO4<2-> / Al2O3, or at least one of solid superacid of S2O8<2-> / TiO2, S2O8<2-> / ZrO2, S2O8<2-> / Fe2O3, S2O8<2-> / SnO2, and S2O8<2-> / Al2O3; the reaction solvent is ethyl alcohol; and reaction conditions are that the temperature is 100-150 DEG C, the rotating speed is 300-500 rpm (revolutions per minute), the time is 0.5-2.5h, a mass ratio of furfuryl alcohol to solid superacid is (1-4):1, and a mass ratio of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl alcohol is (0.01-0.2):1.

The invention relates to a method for preparing ethyl levulinate based on catalysis of alcoholization of furfuryl alcohol with carbon-based solid acid, and relates to ethyl levulinate. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing furfuryl alcohol, anhydrous ethanol and the carbon-based solid acid; adding a mixture obtained from the former step into a stainless steel high pressure reaction kettle; closing the reactor; and catalyzing the alcoholization of the furfuryl alcohol so as to prepare ethyl levulinate. The condition for catalysis of the alcoholization of the furfuryl alcohol is as follows: the reaction temperature is 100-150 DEG C, the stirring rotating speed is 300-500rpm, and the reaction time is 0.5-2.5 hours. The weight ratio of furfuryl alcohol to ethanol is (0.01-0.1):1, and the mass ratio of furfuryl alcohol to carbon-based solid acid is (1-4):1. The carbon-based solid acid can be hydrothermal carbon-based solid acid or carbonized carbon-based solid acid. The carbon-based solid acid is used as a catalyst which is simple to prepare and low in cost, and can be repeatedly used, so that the product yield is high and the byproducts are fewer. The method is simple in reaction system, mild in reaction condition, short in reaction time, environment-friendly, low in cost and convenient to posttreat.

The invention discloses biodiesel fuel and a preparation method thereof. The biodiesel fuel is prepared by using biomass derivative furfural and acetylpropionic acid as raw materials and by the technology of condensation, oxidation, esterification and complex formulation. The biodiesel fuel contains components of 6-furfurylidene levulinate, methyl furoate and methyl levulinate or ethyl levulinate with carbon atom number between 11 and 18. The advantages comprise that: the biodiesel fuel has high cetane number and oxidation stability, and its thermal efficiency is raised 30-40% than that of tradition biodiesel fuel. The biodiesel fuel can 100% directly be used, and can also be mixed with petroleum diesel fuel for using.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biomass energy and particularly relates to a B5 biodiesel blending fuel and a preparation method thereof. The fuel comprises, by volume, 94-95% of 0# diesel, 2-4% of ethyl levulinate, 1-3% of biodiesel, 0.03-0.05% of latent solvent and 0.01-0.05% of cetane number improving agent. Physicochemical properties and power performance of the fuel can meet GB / T25199-2010 'biodiesel blending fuel (B5)'. The emission ratio of pollutants such as soot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are generated through burning of the fuel in a diesel engine is lower than that of pollutants which are generated through burning of diesel, the fuel can be widely used in vehicle diesel engines and energy-saving and emission-reduction can be achieved.

A method of preparing levulinates by utilizing furfuryl alcohol is disclosed. The method adopts the furfuryl alcohol that is a biomass derivative as a raw material, adopts a metal oxide as a catalyst, and includes reacting in a sealed manner in a reactor at 100-300 DEG C for 10-80 min. The highest yields of methyl levulinate, ethyl levulinate or n-butyl levulinate in different solvent systems can be 73%, 83% and 86% respectively. The method can efficiently synthesize the levulinates with high selectivity. The biomass derivative that is rich in reserve in the nature, wide in distribution and reproducible is adopted as the raw material, thus avoiding consumption of a large amount of fossil fuels. The method is free of preparation of complex catalysts and simple in operation, alcohols are adopted as solvents, and reactants are low in environment pollution and high in conversion ratio, thus facilitating industrial production. The levulinates which are products can be widely used as green solvents, perfume, fuel additives, and the like, and can be adopted as intermediates for synthesizing other chemical products with high added value.

The invention discloses a method for preparing ethyl levulinate based on an acidic catalyst for catalysis of furfuryl alcohol. The method comprises the following steps: mixing and stirring acidic macroporous resin, water, the furfuryl alcohol and ethanol, discharging air, heating, cooling, washing, separating and drying. The method adopts the acidic macroporous resin as the catalyst, has high catalytic efficiency, low cost and no pollution to the environment. The ethyl levulinate is prepared through catalysis of the furfuryl alcohol by using the ethanol as a solvent, the yield of the target product is high, and can reach 95%, and byproducts are few. The method for preparing the ethyl levulinate is convenient and simple, and suitable for industrial production.

The invention provides a catalyst for conversion of ethyl levulinate into gamma-valerolactone and a preparation method of the catalyst. The catalyst comprises two parts, namely, sulfonic acid functionalized hafnium-based-metal organic framework material SO3H-MOF (Hf) and noble metal Ru nano-particles, wherein the noble metal Ru accounts for 0.5%-5% of the total weight of the catalyst, and the sulfonic acid group SO3H accounts for 0-20% of the total weight of the catalyst. The preparation method comprises the steps as follows: adding hafnium tetrachloride, terephthalic acid and monosodium 2-sulfoterephthalate to a mixed solution of dimethylformamide and acetic acid, and performing crystallizing, washing and drying to obtain the sulfonic acid functionalized hafnium-based-metal organic framework material SO3H-MOF (Hf); then, adding a RuCl3 solution dropwise to obtain a catalyst precursor, performing reduction on the catalyst precursor with sodium borohydride, and performing aftertreatment on the catalyst precursor with hydrochloric acid to obtain the catalyst. The catalyst has better catalytic activity, selectivity and reusability when used for conversion of ethyl levulinate into gamma-valerolactone.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of a structurally specific salbutamol complete antigen and belongs to the technical field of biochemical engineering. The synthesis method comprises the following steps: dissolving 2-bromo-1-[4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]aceto-1-ketone in acetone; after adding potassium carbonate, reacting with dibenzylamine to generate a compound B; generating a compound C under catalysis of lithium aluminium hydride; reacting with hydrogen under catalysis of Pd / C to generate a compound D; performing a reductive amination reaction with ethyl levulinate to generate a compound E; and hydrolyzing under alkaline condition, and recrystallizing to generate salbutamol hapten named as 4-((2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)ethyl) amino) valeric acid. A complete antigen is obtained by coupling the carboxyl on the hapten and amidogen on carrier proteins. Experimental results show that the antiserum titer of animals immune to the complete antigen achieves 81,000, the limit of detection is 0.3ng / mL, and half inhibiting concentration is 3.2ng / mL; a generated antibody is high in specificity and sensitivity; the antigen or the antibody has a broad application prospect.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing valerolactone through catalytic hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate. The method comprises: placing ethyl levulinate and different molar ratios of titanium zirconium microsphere catalysts in a device, adding isopropanol as a solvent and a hydrogen source, and carrying out a reaction for 2-10 h at a temperature of 160-200 DEG C, wherein a molar ratio of the titanium zirconium microsphere catalyst is Ti / Zr of 1:0, 8:2, 5:5, 2:8, and 0:1. According to the present invention, the catalytic activity of the method is good, the ethyl levulinate can be completely converted, the yield of the valerolactone can achieve 90.1%, the production cost is reduced by using the alcohol as the hydrogen source, and the catalytic system can be recycled more than 6 times while the catalytic efficiency is not significantly reduced.

The invention aims to provide a process for producing ethyl levulinate to solve the problems of low conversion rate, low yield, high cost, poor fragrance and much wastewater generated after the reaction and washing in each batch in the prior art. The process has the advantages that: the process can ensure the esterification speed in the production process to make raw materials fully reacted, improve the impurity, yield and quality of the product, save the raw materials, improve the production capacity of equipment, and simplify production process; and the product produced by the process is not needed to be neutralized, washed and refined to meet the perfume level standard, saves energy, protects environment, saves water resource, greatly reduces the generation of three waste, has wide application, and is suitable for perfume industry, organic synthesis, food industry and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of fuels, and particularly relates to low-emission vehicle fuel. The low-emission vehicle fuel is prepared though the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25-50 parts of monohydric alcohol, 20-35 parts of normal octane, 10-20 parts of ethyl levulinate, 2-8 parts of 1-trityl-1H-imidazole, 1-3 parts of a clearing agent, and 0.5-2.3 parts of an combustion improver, wherein the monohydric alcohol is one or two of methyl alcohol, amyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol; the clearing agent is the mixture of 2-methylimidazole and butyl cellosolve; the combustion improver is the mixture of dimethyl carbonate and ethyl tert butyl ether. The low-emission vehicle fuel is high in exhaust gas emission and can directly replace gasoline on the premise that an engine remains and low exhaust gas emission is ensured.

The invention relates to a method for synthesizing the artificial antigen of specific ractopamine, and belongs to the technical field of biochemical engineering. The method for synthesizing the artificial antigen of specific ractopamine disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps of: mixing octopamine and ethyl levulinate in methanol solution, reducing through sodium cyanoborohydride under catalysis of triethylamine, reacting to obtain an intermediate product, hydrolyzing the intermediate product under the alkaline condition to obtain molecule containing active carboxyl, wherein the homology of the molecule and ractopamine molecule is more than 70%, and the molecule can be used as hapten of ractopamine; and coupling the hapten to carrier protein to obtain the artificial antigen of specific ractopamine. Experimental results show that an antibody generated by immune animal by using the method disclosed by the invention is high in specificity and sensitivity, the titer of obtained antiserum can be up to 64000, the detection limit is 0.1 ng / mL, and the 50% inhibiting concentration IC50 is 1 ng / mL. The antigen or the antibody disclosed by the invention can be used for establishing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent analyzing method and a colloidal gold test paper rapid detecting method, used for rapidly detecting ractopamine residue in foods, and has wide application prospect.

The invention discloses a low-freezing biodiesel combined fuel and a preparation method thereof, and the components of low-freezing biodiesel combined fuel comprise ethyl levulinate, methylfuroate, dibutyl carbonate, methyl oleate, solubilizing assistant and flash point improver. Each esters component in the low-freezing biodiesel combined fuel disclosed by the invention can be prepared from biomass materials, is simple in preparation technology, easy in separation and purification, pollution-free in production process, and can realize continuous operation with high preparation efficiency; and moreover, the prepared low-freezing biodiesel combined fuel is low in cost, environment-friendly and reproducible, particularly low in freezing point, and can well satisfy the demand for fuel in northern cold district.

The invention discloses a copper-zinc zirconium oxide metal catalyst and a method for catalytic continuous synthesis of gamma-valerolactone by the copper-zinc zirconium oxide metal catalyst. The method includes the steps: preparing copper-zinc carbonate precipitate according to a co-precipitation method, adding zirconium oxide and aluminum oxide, performing mixed extrusion, drying and calcinationto obtain the copper-zinc zirconium oxide metal catalyst, and catalyzing ethyl levulinate for gamma-valerolactone synthesis by the prepared catalyst subjected to hydrogen reduction. The copper-zinc zirconium oxide metal catalyst taking aluminum oxide as an adhesive is efficient in hydrogenation catalysis of the ethyl levulinate for gamma-valerolactone synthesis and is simple in preparation, low incost, good in catalysis effect and long in service life. Compared with an existing catalyst, the copper-zinc zirconium oxide metal catalyst has the advantages of high selectivity in catalysis of theethyl levulinate for gamma-valerolactone synthesis and fewer side products. In addition, a reaction system is simple, environmentally friendly, low in production cost and capable of continuously synthesizing gamma-valerolactone, and has a good application prospect.

The invention discloses an adsorbent for removing nicotine and the smell of cigarettes and preparation and application thereof. The adsorbent is prepared from, by weight, 15-25 parts of sodium polyacrylate, 40-60 parts of acrylic acid, 4-6 parts of sodium hydroxide, 3-5 parts of chitosan, 5-10 parts of sucrose stearate, 15-25 parts of pentaerythritol, 30-50 parts of ethyl acetate, 1-2 parts of azodiisobutyronitrile, 1-5 parts of citric acid, 3-6 parts of ethyl levulinate, 0.5-3 parts of air freshener and 80-120 parts of water. The adsorbent can rapidly adsorb nicotine, tar, phenol, carbon monoxide and other hazardous substances generated by the cigarettes and remove the smell of the cigarettes, the effect of purifying air is achieved, hazards of the cigarettes to smokers and passive smokers are reduced, and wide market prospects are achieved.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a salty beverage. The preparation method includes the following steps: the salty beverage comprises, by weight, 90-98 parts of water, 0.5-1 part of salt and 0.2-0.5 part of sauce-flavor essence, and the water, the salt and the sauce-flavor essence are mixed evenly, sterilized and filled to obtain the salty beverage. The sauce-flavor essence is obtained by evenly mixing ethyl acetate, 2-acetylfuran, ethyl lactate, diethyl malonate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl levulinate, ethyl pelargonate, ethyl benzoate, soy fouranone, isovaleraldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 3-methylmercapto-propionaldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, 2, 3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, benzaldehyde, 2, 3, 5-trimethyl pyrazine, 4-guaethol, 2-acetylpyrrole, 10% difurfuryl sulfide and propylene glycol. The salty beverage manufactured by the preparation method can supplement water, salinity and nutrient substances.

The invention provides a method for preparing ethyl levulinate from deoxyribose. The method comprises the following steps: respectively adding deoxyribose, cation exchange resin 70 and a solvent into a reactor so as to completely dissolve deoxyribose into the solvent, and then heating to 130 to 160DEG C within 10 minutes and stirring for 2-6 hours to obtain ethyl levulinate product, wherein the stirring speed is 600rpm, and the solvent is dimethoxymethane or dimethoxymethane and cosolvent. By using the method, deoxyribose can be converted into ethyl levulinate in one step, hydrogenation reaction is unnecessary in the process, the reaction conditions are mild, the method is simple, C6 polysaccharide derived from cellulose, C5 polysaccharide derived from hemicellulose, and furan compounds (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural) can be converted into ethyl levulinate through the same acid catalysis technology. The production efficiency of ethyl levulinate extracted from biomasses can be greatly increased, and the chemical diversity of platform molecules and the production efficiency of biofuel can be greatly improved.

A composition intended to be employed for therapeutic purposes incorporates a source of nicotine and at least one levulinate moiety. Representative forms of nicotine include free base (e.g., as a mixture of nicotine and microcrystalline cellulose), a nicotine salt (e.g., as nicotine bitartrate) or nicotine polacrilex. The levulinate moiety can have the form of an acid (e.g., levulinic acid), a levulinate salt (e.g., sodium levulinate), or an ester of levulinic acid (e.g., methyl levulinate or ethyl levulinate). The composition can incorporate nicotine and levulinic acid in a salt form (e.g., nicotine levulinate). The composition can be composed of at least two forms of nicotine, and one of the forms of nicotine is in the form of nicotine levulinate. The composition is useful for treatment of central nervous system conditions, diseases, and disorders, and as a nicotine replacement therapy.

The invention relates to a method for preparing ethyl acetylpropionate by catalyzing furfural via a one-pot method, and relates to ethyl acetylpropionate. The method comprises the following steps of heating furfural, a catalyst and ethyl alcohol in a reaction kettle, cooling to room temperature, centrifuging and decomposing, obtaining a liquid phase, and purifying, so as to obtain ethyl acetylpropionate; using the solid as the recycling catalyst. The method has the advantages that furfural is directly used as the raw material to prepare ethyl acetylpropionate; used ethyl alcohol can be simultaneously used as reaction raw material, solvent and hydrogen donor, the external hydrogen source and other solvents are not needed, and the reaction system is simple, so as to conveniently separate thetarget product and recycle and reutilize the solvent; the preparation procedure of a dual-function molecular sieve-loaded catalyst for simultaneously catalyzing the transfer hydrogenation and alcoholysis reaction is simple, the price of the raw material is low, and ethyl acetylpropionate with higher yield rate can be obtained by catalyzing furfural; the used catalyst can be conveniently recycled,and the activity is still stable after recycling.

The invention discloses a preparation method for (6-Chloro-pyridazino-3-yl) formic acid. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out a cyclization and dehydrogenation reaction on ethyl levulinate firstly to obtain 6-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone; then, carrying out a chlorination to obtain 3-chloro-6-methyl pyridazine; finally, carrying out an oxidation reaction to obtain 6-chloropyridazine-3-carboxylicacid methyl acid. The method has the advantages of simple process, simplicity and convenience in operation, security and practicality.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fuels and particularly relates to a multifunctional methanol fuel, prepared from, by weight, 60-90 parts of methanol, 20-44 parts of gasoline, 1-7 parts of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 0.5-2.3 parts of ethyl levulinate, 0.5-2.3 parts of 4-tert-butyl-2,6-diisopropylphenol, 0.4-2.2 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 0.2-1.4 parts of dimethyl carbonate, 0.2-1.4 parts of a clearing agent, 0.1-1.3 parts of a corrosion inhibitor, 0.03-0.21 part of dicycloheptadiene, and 0.02-0.2 part of glyceryl monostearate. The multifunctional methanol fuel has the functions, such as clearing, anti-oxidation, combustion supporting, corrosion inhibition and detonation resisting, has good combustion performance, and can combust fully such that energy is saved and emission is reduced.

The invention provides a method for preparing ethyl levulinate from pennisetum sinese stalks, and belongs to the technical field of biomass energy chemical engineering; the method comprises the following steps: by taking the pennisetum sinese stalks as a raw material, carrying out pretreatment by using a NaOH solution, and then further carrying out alcoholysis on collected solid residues to prepare the ethyl levulinate; in the alcoholysis process, a cosolvent of gamma-valerolactone and ethanol is used as a reaction medium, Al(OTf)3 is used as a catalyst, the reaction is carried out at 170-190 DEG C, and the highest yield of the reaction product ethyl levulinate can reach 72.6%. A biomass fiber raw material is converted into ethyl levulinate through pretreatment and the synergistic effect of gamma-valerolactone and an ethanol system; the ethyl levulinate is directly prepared from the pennisetum sinese stalks, and the method has the advantages of cheap and easily available raw materials, high conversion efficiency and target product yield, economical and efficient preparation process and the like, and has a good industrial application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of preparing ethyl levulinate, in particular to a direct transformation process of ethyl levulinate by hydrolysis of cellulose materials. The process comprises the following steps: adding the cellulose materials into a reaction system comprising ethanol, liquid acid catalyst / solid acid catalyst, and cosolvent, hydrolyzing for 2 to 60 minutes at the temperature of 150 to 230 DEG C to obtain hydrolyzate containing the ethyl levulinate, and purifying the hydrolyzate to obtain the ethyl levulinate. In the invention, the cosolvent is added into the hydrolysis system of the cellulose materials, and the intermediate products such as hydromethyl furfural, the levulinic acid and the like generated during the hydrolysis of the cellulose materials can be extracted into an organic phase containing the cosolvent in the presence of the cosolvent, thereby preventing the further reduction of the intermediate products, facilitating the reduction of by-products and facilitating the yield increase of ethyl levulinate.

The invention belongs to the technical field of fuel additives, and particularly relates to a fuel additive for a diesel engine. The fuel additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 to 18 parts of 4-hydroxybenzamide, 8 to 16 parts of glycol, 6 to 14 parts of ethyl levulinate, 5 to 10 parts of isooctyl nitrate, 4 to 12 parts of benzotriazole, 3 to 11 parts of antioxidants and 1 to 8 parts of combustion improvers. The additive provided by the invention has the advantages that the effects of cleaning, combustion supporting, corrosion resistance, oxidization resistance, fuel cetane number improvement and the like are achieved; the tail gas exhaust is reduced; the energy is saved; the environment is protected.