The invention discloses a composite sound absorbing material, and a preparation method thereof. The composite sound absorbing material is prepared from, by weight, 88 to 100 parts of modified fly ash, 55 to 65 parts of organic bentonite, 50 to 65 parts of perlite, 55 to 60 parts of barite powder, 35 to 45 parts of aluminium oxide, 30 to 40 parts of antimonous oxide, 20 to 30 parts of stannous chloride, 20 to 30 parts of borax, and 10 to 15 parts of sodium silicate. The composite sound absorbing material is high in sound absorption coefficient, and wide in distribution frequency band; possesses excellent sound absorbing effect at low frequency (lower than 500Hz), medium frequency (500 to 2000Hz), and high frequency (higher than 2000Hz) zones, and wide application range; and also possesses excellent porosity, compressive yield strength, processing performance, and mechanical properties.