The invention relates to a hierarchical pore structure silicon-based negative electrode material for a lithium battery and a preparation method of the hierarchical pore structure silicon-based negative electrode material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: using a waste ultrafine silicon dioxide powder material generated in optical fiber production, firstly performing acid pickling and purification on the silicon dioxide powder, then using a water bath method to disperse the purified silicon dioxide powder into deionized water, adding a silane coupling agent, then adding an acid to the solution, further adding a surfactant, stirring, standing, crystallizing, filtering, drying and calcining the crystal at high temperature to form a modified carrier; adding the modified carrier material to an ethanol solution or deionized water, adding silica powder, stirring and dispersing, filtering and drying to obtain the silicon-based material with a mesoporous structure; then adding the purified silicon dioxide powder to a sodium hydroxide solution, performing high temperature autoclave reaction, adding the silicon-base material with the mesoporous structure and a carbon material to the obtained product, then adding an acid solution, washing, drying and calcining at high temperature, and naturally cooling to obtain the silicon-based negative electrode material with the hierarchical pore structure.