The invention provides an authenticity evaluating method for a populus-type propolis based on multi-index quality control, and caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, myricetin, cinnamic acid, galangin, chrysin, pinocembrin and CAPE in the propolis are detected by high performance liquid chromatography. A mixing standard sample of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, myricetin, cinnamic acid, galangin, chrysin, pinocembrin and CAPE is taken as a reference index in the method; wherein whether the propolis is from a populus-type material is defined by the existence or inexistence of cinnamic acid, galangin, chrysin, pinocembrin and CAPE, a poplar tree's gum and the propolis are distinguished by the existence or inexistence of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, adulteration or no adulteration of rutin or myricetin is determined by taking rutin or myricetin as a reference; and thus a detection method for distinguishing between the poplar tree's gum and the populus-type propolis, and adulteration or no adulteration of rutin or myricetin, is constructed, and the method helps to evaluate whether a sample is from populus plants, and helps to achieve discarding of the false and retaining of the true about the populous-type propolis.