42results about How to "Does not affect conduction" patented technology

The present invention provides an enhanced-mode high electron mobility transistor. The transistor includes a grid electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, a p type layer, a barrier layer, and a passivation layer arranged on the barrier layer. A part region on the passivation layer is provided with a secondary epitaxy figure formed by etching to the upper surface of the barrier layer. The barrier layer also includes a trench formed by further etching to the inner side of the barrier layer in a local region of the figure. The p type layer that is grown through secondary epitaxy is in the figure and the trench. The p type layer in the trench is contacted with a grid electrode metal on the p type layer in the trench. The p type layer that is not in the trench is contacted with a drain electrode metal on the p type layer that is not in the trench. The present invention also provides a preparation method of the transistor and a semiconductor device including the transistor. According to the transistor, due to a trench grid and the p type layer grown through secondary epitaxy in a selected region, a threshold voltage of the device is increased; and a part of the barrier layer is etched, so that a saturated current of the device is greater than the current of the trench grid type high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). In addition, the p type layer is also grown in a selected region of the drain electrode metal, so that the turn-off effect of the device is improved.

A parallel circuit breaker is provided, which belongs to a high-voltage high-capacity circuit breaker and is to provide automatic current equalization and current limitation and realize the parallel operation of a plurality of arc-extinguishing chambers. The invention comprises parallel-connected 2-4 shunts each comprises an inductance coil and an arc-extinguishing chamber of switches in series connection, wherein the induction coil is enwound around a share iron core to form a coupling inductance coil and the turn number of inductance coil of each shunt is the same. The system current flows through the inductance coils of the 2-4 parallel-connected shunts individually and the arc-extinguishing chambers in series connection with the shunts. The magnetic flux of the magnetic circuit produced by the interaction between the iron core and the inductance coil of each shunt is opposite to that of the other shunts. The arc-extinguishing chamber of each shunt has high capacity, 2-4 parallel-connected arc-extinguishing chambers share the parallel-connected arc-extinguishing chamber device controlled by the same system, or are connected in parallel by 2-4 separated circuit breakers. Based on the structure of the coupling inductance, the invention realizes the parallel-connected on-off of a plurality of arc-extinguishing chambers of the circuit breakers and improves the capacity of on-off of the whole circuit breaker.

The invention discloses a transient temperature distribution sensor in a fuel cell, and thin film thermocouples are arranged on ribs between adjacent flow passages on a graphite flow field plate of the fuel cell for measuring transient temperature distribution in the fuel cell. The single thin film thermocouple is formed by adopting a vacuum evaporation coating technology for evaporation of four layers of thin films, a silicon dioxide insulating layer with the thickness of 0.1-0.15 mu m is plated at the first layer, copper is plated at the second layer, nickel is plated at the third layer, the thicknesses of the copper plated layer and the nickel plated layer are 0.08-0.1 mu m respectively, and a silicon dioxide thin layer with the thickness of 0.01-0.02 mu m is finally plated. Leading-out wires of the thin film thermocouples extend to the edge of the graphite flow field plate by utilizing the process of a printed circuit, a standard wiring port for connecting with an external circuitis further arranged, and a data acquisition system is used for exporting signals. A measuring device is simple and easy to operate, the real-time temperature distribution in the fuel cell is measured, the cell is easy to disassemble and assemble, and the impacts on the overall performances of the fuel cell are small.

In order to solve the problem of narrow electrochemical window of a solid electrolyte in the prior art, the invention provides a solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte comprises a core material and a shell material, wherein the shell material wraps the core material, the core material has the following chemical formula: Li(1+x)MxTi(2-x)(PO4)3, M is selected from at least one of Al, La, Cr, Ga, Y and In, x is more than or equal to 0.05 but less than or equal to 0.4, the ionic conductivity of the shell material is over 10<-6>S / cm, and the electrochemical window of the solid electrolyte is larger than 5 volts. Meanwhile, the invention also discloses a preparation method of the abovementioned solid electrolyte and a lithium ion battery applying the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte provided by the invention is wide in electrochemical window and high in the ionic conductivity.

The invention discloses a fin field effect transistor and a forming method thereof. The fin field effect transistor comprises a semiconductor substrate, a first doping layer, an isolating layer, a gate structure, a dielectric layer, a through hole and a conductive plug, wherein first fin parts and a second fin part which are discrete are formed on the semiconductor substrate; the first doping layer covers the first fin parts, the second fin part and the surface of the semiconductor substrate; the isolating layer is located on the semiconductor substrate; the surface of the isolating layer is lower than the surface of the first doping layer at the top ends of the first fin parts and the second fin part; the gate structure crosses side wall and top end surfaces of the first fin parts; the dielectric layer is located on the isolating layer, and covers the gate structure and the second fin part; the through hole is located in the dielectric layer, and exposed out of the first doping layer at the top end of the second fin part; and the conductive plug fills the through hole, and is connected with bias control voltage. Regulation of threshold voltage can be conveniently achieved by the conductive plug and the first doping layer.

The invention provides an intelligent moxibustion instrument. The intelligent moxibustion instrument comprises a vertical charging barrel, an ash-collecting tower platform, a moxa stick drive unit andan intelligent control unit, wherein the ash-collecting tower platform is fastened to the charging barrel, and the moxa stick drive unit and the intelligent control unit are arranged in the chargingbarrel; the moxa stick drive unit comprises a moxa stick sleeve and a stepping motor, the stepping motor is arranged above the moxa stick sleeve, and the stepping motor drives a moxa stick to move vertical through gear-rack transmission; the intelligent control unit comprises a battery, a circuit board and a temperature sensor, the battery is arranged above the stepping motor and supplies power for the whole moxibustion instrument, the circuit board is fixed above the battery, the temperature sensor is arranged in the ash-collecting tower platform, the battery is connected with the circuit board and supplies power for the same, and the circuit board is connected with the temperature sensor through an input and output end. The intelligent moxibustion instrument has the advantages that the combustion progress of the moxa stick is sensed through the temperature sensor, the sensor transmits a signal to the circuit board when the temperature is lower than a rated value, and the circuit board controls the stepping motor to push the moxa stick to move downwardly through mechanical transmission so as to guarantee temperature constancy.

The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium sulfur battery diaphragms, in particular to a fiber meshed modified lithium sulfur battery diaphragm and a preparation method thereof. The fibermeshed modified lithium sulfur battery diaphragm is obtained by arranging a Nafion / polyacrylic acid fiber layer on a commercial diaphragm and carrying out heat treatment and lithium treatment sequentially. The fiber meshed modified lithium sulfur battery diaphragm prepared in the invention has good electrolyte wettability, small impedance and the ability of fast lithium ion conduction, and can prevent the shuttle of polysulfides. Therefore, excellent electrochemical performance is achieved in the application to lithium-sulfur batteries, the capacity attenuation of lithium-sulfur batteries isinhibited, and the service life of batteries is prolonged. In addition, the electro-spinning technology used in the preparation process is simple, the degree of automation and the production efficiency are high, and the diaphragm is easy to scale up and produce.

The invention relates to the field of lithium ion batteries, and specifically relates to a solid electrolyte and a preparation method thereof, and a lithium ion battery. The solid electrolyte is of acore-shell structure; the core-shell structure comprises a core material and a shell material coated outside the core material; and the core material has a perovskite structure, and the shell materialcontains Li3+yY2SiyP3-yO12, wherein y is greater than or equal to 0.05 but less than or equal to 0.5. The invention further relates to the preparation method of the solid electrolyte. The invention further relates to the lithium iron battery, and the lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the solid electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The solid electrolyte provided by the invention has a wide electrochemical window and a relatively high ionic conductivity, and has a wide application.

The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, and discloses a lithium ion solid electrolyte with a core-shell structure and a preparation method. The preparation method comprises the following steps of (1) mixing Li2CO3, Al2O3, TiO2 and NH4H2PO4, calcining, cooling, grinding and sieving to obtain core layer powder; (2) adding LiOH H2O, H3BO3, NH4H2PO4 and NH4F into deionized water, uniformly stirring, adjusting the pH value, adding silica sol, and mechanically stirring to obtain sol; and (3) adding the core layer powder and Al (H2PO4) 3 into the sol, carrying out spray drying, sintering the obtained precursor material, cooling, grinding, washing, and drying to obtain the lithium ion solid electrolyte with the core-shell structure. Compared with a common inorganic solid electrolyte, the inorganic solid electrolyte with the core-shell structure has the advantages that a complete and compact electron shielding layer is formed on the surface of a base material, so that an electrochemical window is wide, the ionic conductivity is high, and the application prospect is good.

The invention discloses a diaphragm capable of improving sulfur content of a positive electrode of a lithium-sulfur battery, a preparation method and an application of the diaphragm. The diaphragm substrate is a commercial polypropylene diaphragm, and coated with carbon black or other carbon material layer; a button battery is assembled by taking the coated carbon layer as a positive electrode andby taking a lithium sheet as a negative electrode; the button battery is subjected to cycles of 3-5 times in a voltage window of 1-0.3V to form a solid electrolyte membrane SEI on the coated carbon layer; and the SEI membrane and the coated carbon layer form a compact layer on the diaphragm to prevent shuttling of polysulfide to the negative electrode and to suppress a shuttling effect. The diaphragm capable of improving sulfur content of the positive electrode of the lithium-sulfur battery is applied to assembling of the lithium-sulfur battery. By virtue of the diaphragm provided by the invention, the sulfur content in the positive electrode of the lithium-sulfur battery can be effectively improved to 90%.

The invention discloses plasma etching cleaning liquid, a method for preparing the same and application of the plasma etching cleaning liquid. The plasma etching cleaning liquid is prepared from raw materials comprising dispersing agents, hydroxylamine compounds and / or salt of the hydroxylamine compounds, organic solvents, corrosion inhibitors, organic amine, cyclodextrin-modified alkylene diol alkyl ether compounds and water. The plasma etching cleaning liquid, the method and the application have the advantages that the plasma etching cleaning liquid can be used for cleaning etched and ashedsemiconductor chips; good cleaning effects can be realized by the plasma etching cleaning liquid, the plasma etching cleaning liquid is nearly free of agglomeration in long-term placing and using procedures, is basically free of particle generation and is low in metal and nonmetal corrosion speed, and accordingly the plasma etching cleaning liquid and the method have excellent industrial application and popularization prospects.

The invention discloses a multicolor silica gel coated USB data charge cable. The multicolor silica gel coated USB data charge cable comprises a USB connecting terminal, a data transmission interface and a connecting wire; the connecting wire comprises a multicolor silica gel coating layer, a power positive wire, a negative voltage data wire, a positive voltage data wire, a grounding wire and a Kevlar wire, wherein the multicolor silica gel coating layer coats the power positive wire, the negative voltage data line, the positive voltage data line, the grounding wire and the Kevlar wire; the Kevlar wire is shorter than other wires of the connecting wire, the USB connecting terminal comprises a USB terminal silica gel shell and a USB terminal coated with the USB terminal silica gel shell, the data transmission interface comprises an interface silica gel shell and a data interface coated with the interface silica gel shell, the two ends of the connecting wire are respectively connected with the USB connecting terminal and the data interface, and the USB terminal silica gel shell and the interface silica gel shell respectively coat the USB terminal and a joint of the data interface and the connecting wire. The multicolor silica gel coated USB data charge cable provided by the application of the invention is high in flexibility and good in hand feeling, does not become hard at low temperature, is not knotted, is not easy to break, is skin-friendly, and is high in tensile property.

The invention discloses an anisotropic conductive adhesive for RFID, and its preparation method. The anisotropic conductive adhesive for RFID is composed of conductive particles dispersed in epoxy resin and a curing agent, and the conductive particles include gold coated nickel powder and a polymer coated and polymerized outside the gold coated nickel powder through ultrasonic dispersion. A layer of the polymer is polymerized and coated on the gold coated nickel powder through ultrasonic dispersion via a polymerization technology to isolate the gold coated nickel powder, so the agglomeration of the gold coated nickel powder is effectively avoided; and the layer of the polymer is molten and flows during heating curing, and has no influences on the conduction of the conductive particles and electrodes, so the yield of RFID label bonded chips is improved.

The invention discloses an electronic-grade sulfuric acid production system which comprises an ultrasonic atomizer, an evaporation tank, a condensation tank, a liquid storage tank and a heat sink; and a fixing frame and a conical surface heater are mounted in the evaporation tank from top to bottom, a shaft rod is rotatably inserted into the fixing frame, and the upper end of the shaft rod extends to the position above the fixing frame and is provided with airflow fan blades. The invention also discloses an electronic-grade sulfuric acid production process. The production process comprises the following steps: washing the environment; performing ultrasonic atomization; performing high-temperature evaporation; performing high-pressure condensation; and accumulating and storing. The circulation of evaporation and condensation is realized through a backflow pipe, so that the system can perform repeated purification; liquid concentrated sulfuric acid is atomized through the ultrasonic atomizer to increase the evaporation speed; sulfate powder left after evaporation is scraped off through a descaling device, sulfate impurities contained in the sulfuric acid are removed, and the heat efficiency of a cambered surface heater can also be kept; and the energy consumption of the system is reduced through a spiral condensing pipe and a spiral preheating pipe.

The invention discloses a novel universal joint handheld laser welding gun. Two veering reflector parts which are rotatably connected mutually are arranged between a collimating mirror part and a focusing reflector part, a gun nozzle part is arranged at the outer side of a protection mirror part, one end of the gun nozzle part is connected with a protection air pipe, and the other end, at an outlet of a photoemission channel, of the gun nozzle part is of an arc structure; each veering reflector part comprises a right-angle shell provided with a light channel and a reflective part which is arranged inside the light channel and conducts right-angle reflection on a light path, each right-angle shell is rotatably connected with the collimating mirror part and the focusing reflector part, a gunhandle part is arranged on the focusing reflector part, and a protection part for protecting the photoemission channel is arranged on the protection mirror part. According to the novel universal joint handheld laser welding gun, by adding a veering mechanism on the basis of an existing laser welding gun, changing the structure of the gun nozzle part of the welding gun, and increasing the veeringdegree of freedom of the joint of cables, the blowing direction of shielding gas is changed, the situation that weld dust residues enter the photoemission channel, and adhere to and contaminate the protection mirror part is prevented, it is avoided that due to swinging of the cables, optical fiber cables are broken off, and meanwhile, the working efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a board-to-board connector, which includes an insulating body and several connector terminals, each connector terminal is held in a corresponding receiving cavity of the insulating body, and the connector terminal includes a terminal body and a welding leg , the two sides of the bottom of the terminal body are respectively protruded with welding feet for welding, and the two sides of the terminal body are respectively provided with contact ports. It is characterized in that: at least one upward bending structure, at least one concave cut is provided on the terminal body between the solder leg and the contact port. The invention solves the problem that board-to-board connectors in the prior art are prone to poor tin creeping during furnace welding, which affects the conduction of the board-to-board connector, and provides an adjustable solder paste thickness, solder joint Full, use reliable board-to-board connectors with better conduction performance.

The invention provides a piston type vacuum coaxial valve with vacuum as a power air source. The piston type vacuum coaxial valve comprises a piston type valve element, an air cylinder barrel, pressing blocks, sealing blocks, sealing rings, a sealing valve seat and an electromagnetic control device. The piston type valve element is in a barrel shape, is arranged in the air cylinder barrel in a sleeved manner and can do reciprocating motion. The sealing blocks are arranged at the two ends of the air cylinder barrel and used for sealing a sealing gap between the piston type valve element and the air cylinder barrel. The pressing blocks are arranged at the outer ends of the sealing blocks and used for pressing the sealing blocks tightly. The sealing valve seat is arranged at the outlet end of the piston type valve element and used for sealing an end opening of the piston type valve element. The sealing rings are located on mutual contacting faces of the components. By adopting the scheme, it is not needed to externally connect a power air source, the vacuum serves as the power air source, opening and closing of the coaxial valve can be achieved through a small-power two-position three-way solenoid valve, the consumed power is small, and operation is convenient and rapid.

The invention discloses an aesthetic health care heating device which comprises a heat source part, a driving part and a heat conducting part. The heat source part comprises at least one LED light source which is used as a heating element. The driving part comprises a power supply which is connected with the LED light source. The heat conducting part is attached to the back face of the LED light source. The LED light source is used as the heating element, the back face of the LED light source is attached to the heat conducting part, heat generated by the LED light source can be conducted to the heat conducting part in time, the heated heat conducting part can be used for lipstick smearing assisting, eye massaging, face massaging, acupoint massaging and the like, and the purpose of aesthetic health care is achieved. The LED light source is used as the heating element, the problem of fusing is avoided, and compared with an existing aesthetic health care device with a resistance type heating element, service life is long.

The invention discloses an automobile seat cushion with a heating function, which comprises a headrest area, a vertical cushion, a seat cushion and a back cushion, the bottom end of the back cushion is fixedly connected with the seat cushion, the corners of the seat cushion and the back cushion are provided with side bags, the outer side walls of the seat cushion and the back cushion are provided with inner grooves, the outer side wall of the back cushion is fixedly connected with a connecting structure. Detachable cushions are adhered to the outer side walls of the back cushion and the seat cushion, a magic tape sliding surface is mounted at one end of each detachable cushion, and magic tape sticking surfaces are mounted on the outer side walls of the back cushion and the seat cushion. The back surface of the detachable cushion is provided with the magic tape sliding surface, so that when the back cushion needs to be cleaned and tidied, the detachable cushion can be adhered and fixed with the magic tape sticking surface arranged on the outer wall of the back cushion through the magic tape sliding surface arranged on the back surface of the detachable cushion, the detachable cushion and the back cushion can be conveniently disassembled and assembled through the arrangement, and local replacement and cleaning can be performed when the back cushion is used. The back cushion is convenient to disassemble, the situation that overall replacement is strenuous is avoided, and the use design is more convenient and humanized.

The invention discloses an intelligent control method for a moxibustion apparatus. The method includes the steps that a manager edits and releases unit information, department information, intelligentand personnel information, work division information and notices through a management terminal, views visitors' messages and performs check management on personnel dynamic information; department personnel manage their work states through WeChat applets, edit and release their work events, work states and messages, and view and process visitors' messages; visitors scan QR codes on department brands to access a smart department brand server, view the unit and department information, department personnel information and work states, work processes, personnel responsibilities and department notices, and leave interactive messages to department personnel. The dynamic information in space identified by department brands is completely transmitted out through an intelligent office realization method for departments, interaction with visitors is achieved, and therefore the work efficiency of government agencies for the masses is improved and better experience is brought to the masses.

The invention belongs to the technical field of diaphragms for lithium-sulfur batteries, and in particular relates to a fiber mesh-shaped modified diaphragm for lithium-sulfur batteries and a preparation method thereof. The diaphragm is obtained by disposing a Nafion / polyacrylic acid fiber layer on the commercial diaphragm, followed by heat treatment and lithiation treatment in sequence, to obtain the modified diaphragm of the fiber mesh lithium-sulfur battery. The fiber mesh modified diaphragm prepared by the present invention has good electrolyte wettability, small impedance, fast lithium ion conductivity, and can effectively prevent the shuttling of polysulfides, so it is used in lithium-sulfur batteries. In the application, the excellent electrochemical performance is achieved, the attenuation of the capacity of the lithium-sulfur battery is suppressed, and the service life of the battery is prolonged. In addition, the electrospinning technology used in the preparation process is simple, has a high degree of automation, high production efficiency, and is easy to scale up production.

The invention provides a zinc-based high-resistance film coating liquid. The zinc-based high-resistance film coating liquid is prepared from a zinc-based alloy, water, a dispersing agent, a thickening agent and ethanol. The invention further provides a preparation method of the zinc-based high-resistance film coating liquid. Furthermore, the invention further provides a preparation method of the zinc-based high-resistance thin film. According to the zinc-based high-resistance film provided by the invention, the specific film coating liquid and the multi-layer dip-coating process are adopted, so that the film which not only can ensure the export of static electricity, but also does not affect the conduction of signals is obtained.

The invention relates to a radio frequency ablation electrode needle, which comprises an electrode and a handle; the external surface of the electrode is coated with an insulating coating; the electrode of the radio frequency ablation electrode needle comprises a first portion and a second portion connected with the first portion; the second portion comprises a radio frequency puncture portion; the second portion has a silicide film to reduce a puncture resistance of the radio frequency puncture portion; and the silicide film is a non-insulating layer. By silicicating the electrode, the problem of inaccurate positioning when puncturing a tumour phyma due to large electrode needle frictional force, and the problem of small radio frequency ablation scope because protein is adhered to the electrode needle to influence radio frequency current conducting in the electrode needle radio frequency ablation process are solved.

The invention discloses a rapid target-scoring paper and a processing method thereof. The rapid target-scoring paper comprises a first main wire and a second main wire, first branched wires and secondbranched wires are separately connected to the first main wire and the second main wire, the first branched wires and the second branched wires are mutually arranged at intervals, the first branchedwires are connected through a first bus, and the second branched wires are connected through a second bus. The processing method of the rapid target-scoring paper comprises the following steps that two films separately as a first film and a second film are prepared, the first main wire, the first branched wires, the second main wire and the second branched wires are printed on the first film, insulating layers are separately printed on the first branched wires and the second branched wires, printing buses are printed on the insulating layers, and the second film covers and is bond on the firstfilm. According to the rapid target-scoring paper and the processing method thereof, the invalid range of the rapid target-scoring paper can be effectively reduced, and the detection capacity is improved.

The invention relates to a test tube membrane structure, belongs to the field of medical equipment and specifically relates to a disposable test tube membrane structure. The disposable test tube membrane structure comprises a supporting body membrane sleeve and a pipe body membrane sleeve; the supporting body membrane sleeve is used for covering a test tube slot arranged on a test tube supportingbody; and the supporting body membrane sleeve is arranged to be opposite to the test tube slot and is capable of generating deformation towards the inside of the slot with the insertion of a test tubeso as to sleeve the outer surface of the test tube. The test tube membrane structure is capable of keeping a test tube rack clean, convenient to use in an existing constant-temperature test tube rack, simple in structure and capable of effectively reducing the probability of cross pollution.

The invention relates to the technical field of water purification, and provides water purification equipment. The water purification equipment includes: a shell; a first mounting base which is fixed to the top of the shell, wherein a water inlet connector is arranged on the first mounting base; a raw water tank which is detachably installed on the first mounting base, wherein the raw water tank comprises a water inlet, a first valve assembly is arranged at the water inlet, the water inlet is switched between the position where the water inlet is connected with or disconnected from a water inlet connector, and the first valve assembly closes the water inlet at the disconnection position. According to the water purification equipment, the raw water tank is arranged above the shell, water pouring and water filling are more convenient and accord with habits of people, and the water level condition in the raw water tank can be conveniently observed. Wherein the raw water tank can be moved to any place with a clean water source. When the raw water tank is installed on the first mounting base, the valve assembly is opened, and communication between the water inlet and the water inlet connector is not affected. When the raw water tank leaves the first mounting base, the water inlet in the bottom of the raw water tank is closed by the first valve assembly, and water in the raw water tank is prevented from leaking.

The invention provides tin-based high-resistance film coating liquid. The tin-based high-resistance film coating liquid is prepared from tin-based alloy, water, a dispersing agent, a thickening agent and ethyl alcohol. The invention further provides a preparation method of the tin-based high-resistance film coating liquid. Furthermore, the invention further provides a preparation method of the tin-based high-resistance thin film. According to the tin-based high-resistance film provided by the invention, the specific film coating liquid and the multi-layer dip-coating process are adopted, so that the film which not only can ensure the export of static electricity, but also does not affect the conduction of signals is obtained.

The parallel circuit breaker belongs to the high-voltage large-capacity circuit breaker device, and its purpose is to automatically share and limit the current and realize the parallel operation of multiple arc extinguishing chambers. The present invention is composed of 2 to 4 branches connected in parallel. Each branch includes a series inductance coil and a switch interrupter. The inductance coil is wound on a common iron core to form a coupled inductance coil. The number of turns of the inductance coil in each branch is Equal, the system current flows into the inductance coils of 2 to 4 branches and the arc extinguishing chambers connected in series with them, and the magnetic flux generated by the inductance coils of each branch and the inductance coils of other branches in each magnetic circuit of the core On the contrary; the arc extinguishing chambers of each branch are large-capacity gas interrupting chambers, and 2 to 4 arc extinguishing chambers in parallel use parallel arc extinguishing chamber devices controlled by the same system, or use separate 2 to 4 arc extinguishing chambers. 4 circuit breakers connected in parallel. Based on the coupled inductance structure, the invention realizes the parallel breaking of multiple circuit breaker arc extinguishing chambers and improves the overall breaking capacity.