The invention discloses a bridge detecting robot based on negative-pressure absorption. The bridge detecting robot consists of an absorption control module, a motion control module, a disease detection module and a light outer shell, wherein the absorption control module comprises a sealing cavity, a negative-pressure generation device, an air-pressure sensor, a single-chip-microcomputer main control board, a wireless instruction transmission module, a wireless instruction transmission module and a remote control device; the motion control module comprises four moving wheels, four steering engine drivers, a single-chip-microcomputer main control board, a wireless instruction transmission module, a wireless instruction transmission module and a remote control device; the disease detection module comprises a camera unit and a ground image processing unit; and the light outer shell is fixed by wire binding belts which penetrate through the installing holes on the front edge and the rear edge of a supporting bottom plate, and the negative-pressure generation device, the air-pressure sensor, the single-chip-microcomputer main control board, the wireless instruction transmission modules, the wireless instruction transmission module and the four steering engine drivers are put into the outer shell. The bridge detecting robot disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the anti-wind capability is strong, the working efficiency is improved, the detection period is shortened and the safety risk is also greatly reduced.