The invention discloses a robot navigation positioning system and method, which are used for map construction, positioning and path planning of a robot. The method comprises the following steps: S100,positioning is carried out, in the positioning step, the robot detects surrounding environment information through multiple sensors, and later, based on an adaptive particle filtering SLAM algorithmand in match with different odometers, real-time map construction and positioning are completed; and S200, path planning is carried out, in the path planning step, a two-phase hybrid state A*-based path planning algorithm is adopted, after a path length and the number of extended nodes are obtained when path planning is carried out on a rasterized map, a higher rasterized map is obtained through parsing and extension, and the acquired path length and the acquired number of extended nodes are used as input of fuzzy reasoning, a heuristic weight is obtained through fuzzy reasoning and is used asinput of search of a second stage, and path planning is performed on a higher rasterized map. The system and the method disclosed in the invention can not only adapt to different environments but also can perform dynamic path planning.