The invention relates to the technical field of photodegradable adsorption materials, and discloses a photocatalyst-loaded Co-based MOFs-porous carbon composite adsorption material and a preparation method thereof, and the photocatalyst-loaded Co-based MOFs-porous carbon composite adsorption material comprises the following formula raw materials: chitosan, coal ash, TiO2, Ta2O5, Na2CO3 and sulfydryl-modified Co-based MOFs. The invention discloses the photocatalyst loaded Co-based MOFs-porous carbon composite adsorption material and the preparation method thereof. Due to the HTiTaO5 lamellar structure, the transmission distance of charge carriers is shortened, the transmission rate of electrons is increased, the HTiTaO5 is uniformly loaded into the specific surface and the mesoporous structure of a sulfydryl modified Co-MOFs calcined product, the calcined product of the carbon skeleton has good conductivity, the diffusion and transmission rate of photon-generated carriers can be increased, the compounding of HTiTaO5 photo-induced electrons and photo-induced holes is effectively inhibited, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals' force can be formed between chitosan hydroxyl and amino groups and organic pollutants, and the recycled waste coal ash has a rich pore structure and can be used for well physically adsorbing heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and ions thereof in water.