The present invention belongs to the technical field of carbon aerogel, and particularly relate to a molybdenum disulfide nanosheet / carbon aerogel hybrid material and a preparation method therefor. The hybrid material is prepared by growing a molybdenum disulfide nanosheet in situ on a carbon aerogel particle with an irregular angular structure by using molybdenum salt and sulfosalt. The raw materials comprises the carbon aerogel, the molybdenum salt, and the sulfosalt. The preparation process comprises: carrying out a sol-gel method, carrying out freeze drying, and carrying out a high-temperature carbonized technology, thereby obtaining the carbon aerogel; obtaining the carbon airgel particle with the irregular angular structure by using a grinding or milling method; and and growing the molybdenum disulfide nanosheet in situ on the carbon aerogel particle by using a solvothermal method. The molybdenum disulfide nanosheet / carbon aerogel hybrid material prepared by the method disclosed by the invention has the characteristics that the molybdenum disulfide nanosheet has few layers ( only 3-6 layers), and is uniformly distributed on the carbon aerogel, so that the hybrid material can be used as an ideal catalyst material with high performance, an electrode material for new energy devices such as a lithium-ion battery or solar cells, and the like.