The invention relates to a carbon-based polymer composite material capable of being ceramized and a preparation method thereof. The carbon-based polymer composite material is formed by mixing and pressing carbon-based resin, a fiber-reinforced material, a high temperature-resistant coupling agent, aluminium silicate mineral powder and non-oxide ceramic powder, and the carbon-based polymer composite material specifically comprises the following components in parts by weight: 20-50 parts of the carbon-based resin, 10-40 parts of the fiber-reinforced material, 0.5-2 parts of the high temperature-resistant coupling agent, 10-50 parts of the aluminium silicate mineral powder and 1-10 parts of the non-oxide ceramic powder. Compared with the prior art, the composite material disclosed by the invention has the advantages of good thermal protection performance and anti-scour performance; a forming process of the composite material is simple, and aerobic thermal protection and ceramic formationare integrated; the ceramization temperature is lower and the ceramic conversion rate is higher; and the polymer composite material further has the advantages of capability of being formed by the polymer composite material process, strong designability, good mechanical properties at medium and low temperature, high ceramic conversion rate, low thermal weight loss rate, high retention rate of high-temperature strength and the like.