The invention relates to a surface friction-based several physical quantity detection device and detection method, and belongs to several physical quantity detection devices and detection methods. Thedevice comprises a high-frequency beam, a synchronous coupling beam, a low-frequency beam, a friction block, a supporting positioning structure, a piezoelectric exciting structure, a transverse piezoelectric large-displacement driving structure, a longitudinal piezoelectric large-displacement driving structure, an L-shaped supporting structure and the like, wherein the vibration pick-up structureof the low-frequency beam is used for picking up friction and vibration signals to detect the surface roughness and hardness; and a synchronized resonance structure is commonly formed by the low-frequency beam, the high-frequency beam and the synchronous coupling beam, and is used for detecting friction coefficients and multiplying output frequency to improve the sensitivity. The detection devicecan be used for detecting the kinetic friction coefficient, surface roughness and hardness by utilizing a relatively simple structure, and has a wide application prospect in the fields of surface detection and material identification.